The first stream of economic studies on public policy responses during the COVID-19 pandemic focused stringency, effectiveness, and impact countries’ interventions paid rather little attention to corresponding means used support them. present paper scrutinizes lockdown measures and, particularly, examines optimality fines imposed by countries worldwide towards ensuring citizens’ compliance. Ini...

On March 11, 2020, WHO, faced with the levels of spread and seriousness situation, declares COVID-19 a pandemic. In European countries almost everywhere else in world, people are confined to their homes view imminent producing reduced mobility essential activities. This lockdown has had repercussions at different levels: (i) Inaccessibility face-to-face healthcare, including loss multidisciplin...