Predicting the emergence, spread and evolution of parasites within and among host populations requires insight to both the spatial and temporal scales of adaptation, including an understanding of within-host up through community-level dynamics. Although there are very few pathosystems for which such extensive data exist, there has been a recent push to integrate studies performed over multiple ...

Although congruence between host and pathogen phylogenies has been extensively investigated, the congruence between host and pathogen genetic structures at the within-species level has received little attention. Using an unprecedented and comprehensive collection of associated plant-pathogen samples, we investigated the degree of congruence between the genetic structures across Europe of two ev...

Species living in highly fragmented landscapes often occur as metapopulations with frequent population turnover. Turnover rate is known to depend on ecological factors, such as population size and connectivity, but it may also be influenced by the phenotypic and genotypic composition of populations. The Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) in Finland uses two host-plant species that...

The spread of drug resistance represents a significant challenge to many disease control efforts. The evolution of resistance is a complex process influenced by transmission dynamics between hosts as well as infection dynamics within these hosts. This study aims to investigate how these two processes combine to impact the evolution of resistance in malaria parasites. We introduce a stochastic m...

Host organisms can respond to the threat of disease either through resistance defenses (which inhibit or limit infection) or through tolerance strategies (which do not limit infection, but reduce or offset its fitness consequences). Here we show that resistance and tolerance can have fundamentally different evolutionary outcomes, even when they have equivalent short-term benefit for the host. A...

We examine in detail how epidemiological feedbacks combine with costs and benefits to determine the evolution of resistance by systematically analysing continuously stable strategies (CSS) for different host-parasite frameworks. The mode of resistance (innate versus acquired), the nature of the host (i.e. life-history and immunological memory) and the nature of the disease (effects on fertility...

This paper summarizes present knowledge on pathogenesis and therapy of herpes zoster. Formerly, zoster was considered a reinfection of a partly immune individual by the varicella-zoster virus localized into a body segment of lowered resistance. Recent epidemiological and virological evidence, however, suggests a different mode of pathogenesis: in the course of varicella, VZV migrates via the se...

The heterogeneity of CD4+ T cells has been investigated since the late 1970s, when their Th1 and Th2 subsets were coined. Later studies on the cutaneous form of the Leishmaniasis were focused on the experimental models of Leishmania major infection using the susceptible BALB/c and the resistant C57BL/6 mice. At the early 21st century, the regulatory T-cells subpopulation was introduced and its ...

Wheat curl mite (WCM) is the only known arthropod vector of four wheat viruses, most important which streak mosaic virus (WSMV). Host resistance to WCM and WSMV limited a small number loci, are introgressed from wild relatives often associated with linkage drag temperature sensitivity. Reports virulent populations potential resistance-breaking isolates highlight need for more diverse sources re...

Immune heterogeneity in wild host populations indicates that disease-mediated selection is common in nature. However, the underlying dynamic feedbacks involving the ecology of disease transmission, evolutionary processes, and their interaction with environmental drivers have proven challenging to characterize. Plague presents an optimal system for interrogating such couplings: Yersinia pestis t...