consisting of a conjunction of clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; a literal is either a variable v (a positive literal) or the negation of a variable ¬v (a negative literal). We are to decide if there is an assignment to the variables satisfying the formula, that is, an assignment under which every clause contains at least one true literal. The example formula is satisfied by...

consisting of a conjunction of clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; a literal is either a variable v (a positive literal) or the negation of a variable ¬v (a negative literal). We are to decide if there is an assignment to the variables satisfying the formula, that is, an assignment under which every clause contains at least one true literal. The example formula is satisfied by...

In the past decades, there has been much progress in the formal Semantics of ordinary language. Logicians, linguists and philosophers have extensively used logical formalisms in order to interpret directly or after translation important fragments of actual natural languages. They have thereby contributed to the foundations of the theory of sentence meaning. In formal Semantics, speaker meaning ...

Literal and figurative meanings are two ends of a continuum we can not talk about sharp distinction between these meaning types (Dirven, 2002; Gibbs & Colston, 2012; Radden, 2002). Such exhibits different degrees figurativity. Radden (2002) considers this as literal-metonymy-metaphor continuum; where Dirven focuses on conceptual closeness distance the continuum. This study aims to analy...

Pictures (non-affective) 3 1 0 4 24 Abstract Pictures (affective) 0 0 0 0 0Pictures (affective) 0 0 0 0 0 Literal Pictures (non-affective) 28 0 13 28 29 Literal Pictures (affective) 0 1 0 0 0

Syntactic and semantic processing of literal and idiomatic phrases were investigated with a priming procedure. In 3 experiments, participants named targets that were syntactically appropriate or inappropriate completions for semantically unrelated sentence contexts. Sentences ended with incomplete idioms (kick the...) and were biased for either a literal (ball) or an idiomatic (bucket) completi...

ion makes Φ “truer” (more tree models). Pure existential literal rule makes Φ “falser” (fewer tree models). Pure universal literal rule makes Φ “falser” (fewer tree models). Unit-clause propagation and universal reduction do not change the set of tree models. So ? ? ? If abstraction changes u from universal to existential, and then it becomes pure, making it true is the wrong idea. Say u is ass...

Over the last few decades, a considerable number of experimental studies have been made on the time-course of literal and nonliteral comprehension. These studies have been devoted to test two incompatible models of nonliteral processing: serial model and parallel (direct) model. The serial model states that literal interpretation is an obligatory process and nonliteral interpretation is trigger...

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