In a time of limited reserves of fossil fuels, the problem of biogas utilization becomes a fundamental question. For example, the city of Prague in central Europe with 1.25 million inhabitants requires 35 million liters of diesel per year for its 1180 buses. Diesel is expensive and significantly increases air pollution, mainly with aromatic hydrocarbons (including naphthalenes and alkyl benzene...

Fluorescence microscopy imaging is an important technique for studying lipid membranes and is increasingly being used for examining lipid bilayer membranes, especially those showing macroscopic coexisting domains. Lipid phase coexistence is a phenomenon of potential biological significance. The identification of lipid membrane heterogeneity by fluorescence microscopy relies on membrane markers ...

A review concerning pervaporation and vapor permeation membrane separation techniques used to separate liquid mixtures, is presented. Examples of polymers for membrane preparation as well as performance parameters of pervaporation and vapor permeation membranes are described. The second part of the paper presents applications of pervaporation and vapor permeation in environmental protection. At...

A mini-review is provided of the literature concerning performance proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) containing (immobilized) ionic liquids as possible electrolytes, focusing on papers reporting metrics (power and current densities). For over a decade, especially for combined heat power applications, there has been drive to design an ionic-liquid-holding membrane that could operate w...

In Malaysia, the quality of groundwater as one main sources drinking water is deteriorated due to presence a high level manganese, which exceeds allowable values for consumption. Manganese at concentration higher than 0.1 mg/L causes staining, turbidity and bad taste problem in water, eventually can cause depletion brain dopamine syndrome motor dysfunction memory loss resembling Parkinson disea...

Know days, pollution made by the wastewater in rivers and other water body’s is one of the main concerns of environmental engineers. Membrane bioreactors are one of the earliest methods for treating swage and also to produce water that is acceptable for reuse purposes. The term membrane bioreactor expresses a combination of activated sludge and membrane separation processes. The need to process...

Abstract Liquid-liquid phase separation within the cytosol leads to formation of protein-enriched droplets inside cells. These known as biomolecular condensates have ultra-low interfacial tensions and fulfill a vast range functions Biomolecular condensation can take place at plasma membrane generate mechanical forces on membranes result wetting. But little is about wetting by condensates. In th...

A two-dimensional, unsteady, isothermal and two-phase flow of reactant-product mixture in the air-side electrode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is studied numerically in the present study. The mixture is composed of oxygen, nitrogen, liquid water and water vapor. The governing equations are two species conservation, a single momentum equation for mobile mixture, liquid mass cons...

Influenza virions are enriched in cholesterol relative to the plasma membrane from which they bud. Previous work has shown that fusion between influenza virus and synthetic liposomes is sensitive to the amount of cholesterol in either the virus or the target membrane. Here, we test the chemical properties of cholesterol required to promote influenza fusion by replacing cholesterol with other st...