International transportation constitutes one of the biggest challenges in limiting CO2 emission in the world: it is technically hard to find viable alternatives to fossil fuels, and due to the international nature, it is very difficult to regulate CO2 emission of intercontinental trade. Moreover, it is hard to motivate companies to pay for cleaner transport since transportation is not visible t...

A common problem in the management of patients who are undergoing hemodialysis is central venous occlusive disease. There has been extensive literature on the treatment of this important and prevalent problem. Treatment options to date include percutaneous balloon angioplasty, bare metal stents, and surgical bypass. Unfortunately, all the available treatment options have poor long-term patency,...

This paper presents a simple discrete-time model for valuing options. The fundamental economic principles of option pricing by arbitrage methods are particularly clear in this setting. Its development requires only elementary mathematics, yet it contains as a special limiting case the celebrated Black-Scholes model, which has previously been derived only by much more difficult methods. The basi...

This retrospective study analysed data for 703 children who died from 2000 to 2006 to examine where children with a broad range of progressive, life-limiting illnesses actually die when families are able to access hospital, paediatric hospice facility and care at home. There was an overall even distribution for location of death in which 35.1% of children died at home, 32.1% died in a paediatri...

Low back pain as a result of degenerative disc disease imparts a large socioeconomic impact on the health care system. Traditional concepts for treatment of lumbar disc degeneration have aimed at symptomatic relief by limiting motion in the lumbar spine, but novel treatment strategies involving stem cells, growth factors, and gene therapy have the theoretical potential to prevent, slow, or even...