Patterning of the limb is coordinated by the complex interplay of three signaling regions: the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), and the non-ridge limb ectoderm. Complex feedback loops exist between Shh in the ZPA, Bmps and their antagonists in the adjacent mesenchyme, Wnt7a in the dorsal ectoderm and Fgfs in the AER. In contrast to the previously reported co...

Retinoids have long been recognized as teratogens for vertebrate embryos with effects on a wide variety of structures at a number of stages of development (Hale, 1933; Cohlan, 1953; Shenefelt, 1972). The responding organ or structure typically has a period of sensitivity to exogenous retinoids that corresponds approximately to the time of establishment of the anlage for that organ or structure ...

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP-2) and Osteogenic Protein 1 (OP-1, also termed BMP-7) are members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. In the present study, we have analyzed the effects of administering them locally at different stages and locations of the chick limb bud using heparin beads as carriers. Our results show that these BMPs are potent apoptotic signals for the undif...

In his recent paper, Dobson (2005) concludes that, contrary to the work of McHenry and Berger (1998a,b), the pattern of differences in joint proportions between the partial skeleton Stw 431 and A.L. 288-1 ‘‘does not correspond to the pattern revealed from a comparison of large samples of unassociated postcranial material from Sterkfontein Member 4 and Hadar’’ (Dobson, 2005, p. 153). Using exact...

The article presents the results of an interdisciplinary study burial from Vsekhsvyatskii Orthodox necropolis (Krasnoyarsk, 18th–19th centuries). excavations were carried out by Yu. A. Grevtsov in 2021.The buried individual had a pathological curvature spine sagittal plane, more than 90 degrees. purpose this work is to using methods archaeology, anthropology, forensic medicine, and science. Obs...

Notch signaling plays a critical role during development by directing the binary cell fate decision between progenitors and differentiated cells. Previous studies have shown sustained Notch activation in cartilage leads to chondrodysplasia. Genetic evidence indicates that Notch regulates limb bud mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into chondrocytes via an Rbpj-dependent Notch pathway. Howeve...

PURPOSE An extensive battery of physical tests is typically employed to evaluate athletic status and/or development, often resulting in a multitude of output variables. The authors aimed to identify independent physical predictors of elite skeleton start performance to overcome the general problem of practitioners employing multiple tests with little knowledge of their predictive utility. MET...

embolectomy has long been the gold standard for treating limbs acutely threatened by arterial occlusion. delayed embolectomy has not been investigated adequately due to the belief that accompanying mortality and morbidity render the case futile. following our previous experience with late arterial repair for leg or knee salvage i we applied the same principle to limbs threatened with prolonged ...