objective: various studies indicated that the death anxiety is more common in refractory disease (like, cancer); and it effects on many aspects of patients life such as their quality of life and promoting health behavior as well as physical and psychological problems. thus, identifying effective psychological factors on death anxiety in cancer patients could us help to substantial contribute in...

Introduction One of the supreme challenges faced in cancer therapy is the small therapeutic window afforded by chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy. Many of these agents act by damaging DNA. This DNA damage is believed to be directly lethal to rapidly growing cancer cells but also produces toxicity through effects on normal cells. A major therapeutic research goal in molecular oncology...

D etermining the ‘‘rules’’ that govern the lifespans and birth and death rates of organisms is a central goal of population biology and lies at the heart of understanding a broad range of ecological and evolutionary phenomena (1, 2). Yet, until recently, quantifying these rules and, more importantly, providing a mechanistic explanation for how they operate have eluded biologists. This gap in ou...

The Hsp60 family proteins, also known as “chaperonins”, are a highly conserved subgroup of molecular chaperones found in all organisms with many species having multiple forms. This family includes the bacterial GroEL, mitochondrial Hsp60, plastid Rubisco subunit binding protein, archaeagroup II chaperonins and eukaryotic cytosolic TCP-1 proteins. These proteins are usually expressed constitutiv...

Arsenic and phosphorus are group 15 elements with similar chemical properties. Is it possible that arsenate could replace phosphate in some of the chemicals that are required for life? Phosphate esters are ubiquitous in biomolecules and are essential for life, from the sugar phosphates of intermediary metabolism to ATP to phospholipids to the phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA. Some enzymes that...

Background and purpose: Mortality Statistics and rates show the development of a country in the world. These statistics are very important for determining the distribution of risk factors of mortality (in age and gender groups, ethnicity and so on) and they are useful for improving health and preventing from important diseases in future planning of countries in societies. Materials and Methods:...

Today’s airspace environment is congested and complex. The enroute environment is a tangled web of victor airways and jet routes connecting the multitude of radio navigation aids sprinkled all over the world and especially the US. The terminal area environments are highly congested with air traffic and requires precise aircraft control by pilots and ground controllers. This situation is even mo...

Assume for just a moment that you are lying in a nursing home bed. You have advanced Alzheimer's disease, that is, you cannot walk, you cannot bathe, dress, or feed yourself, or carry out your most private of functions. You no longer recognize your family or your caretakers. You are not in pain but your cognitive awareness is significantly limited. Your disease has reached a point where you can...