The leading Chinese-language newspaper in late nineteenth-century China, the Shanghai-based Shenbao, began in 1877 and 1878 to cover on an almost daily basis the famine engulfing North China. The news that millions of people were starving to death in the drought-stricken northern provinces shocked Chinese reformers and gentry philanthropists living in Shanghai and other parts of the Jiangnan re...

This article explores the early history of cancer education in Britain, focusing on the period between 1900, when discussions about a public ‘crusade’ against cancer began in Britain, and the foundation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948. Arising from debates around the development of invasive operations for cervical cancer, the campaign had a cautious start because of important uncer...

BACKGROUND Correcting the decrease in oxygen delivery from anemia using allogeneic RBC transfusions has been hypothesized to help with increased oxygen demands during weaning from mechanical ventilation. However, it is also possible that transfusions hinder the process because RBCs may not be able to adequately increase oxygen delivery. In this study, we determined whether a liberal RBC transfu...

BACKGROUND Whether a restrictive threshold for hemoglobin level in red-cell transfusions, as compared with a liberal threshold, reduces postoperative morbidity and health care costs after cardiac surgery is uncertain. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, parallel-group trial in which patients older than 16 years of age who were undergoing nonemergency cardiac surgery were recruited from 17 cen...

viduals in both the United States and China. This paper includes a history of philanthropy in each nation, as well as the impact of notable wealthy figures on philanthropy. We also asses the motivations of wealthy donors and review the charitable areas that receive the most donations from this population. This paper analyzes and compares the donation trends from the top fifty philanthropists in...

Using the experience of the University of Illinois at Springfield 's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the as a foundation for discussion, this paper addresses the provision of student support services to distant students within the context of development and expansion. Specific issues for consideration include: integrating student support functions with institutional technology and infor...

I do not consider a liberal necessarily to be a leftist. A liberal to me is one who—and it suits some of the dictionary definitions—is unbeholden to any specific belief or party or group or person, but makes up his or her mind on the basis of the facts and the presentation of those facts at the time. That defines what I am. I have never voted a party line. I vote on the individual and the issue...

Conclusions: We conclude that unemployment scarring also affects young adults with vocational credentials in a liberal labour market setting that otherwise allows for smooth school-to-work transitions. This finding runs counter to expectations that standardised vocational degrees, a liberal and flexible labour market structure, and predominantly short unemployment spells protect young skilled w...