We develop a model of lending and borrowing in markets where the lender has no access to physical collateral and where the borrower is heavily capital constrained. Our model of micro loans, which incorporates a) the absence of access to physical collateral, b) peer monitoring, c) threat of punishment upon default, and d) costly monitoring by lenders is used to determine the equilibrium borrowin...

Abstract In this article, we analyse translation in the context of revitalisation from point view Language Making. Both and are based on idea languages as distinct entities, together they doubly inclined to draw clear-cut borders between languages. The data come a series courses targeted at speakers learners Karelian, critically endangered Finnic language spoken Finland Russia. By analysing ref...

"Our Lexicon Has Gone “Viral.” The Vocabulary of Health, Economic and Social Emergency at the Time COVID-19 Pandemic. pandemic is a global public health crisis which has radically changed our lives. Its impact goes far beyond sector, affecting all aspects society lives, including vocabulary. Since its outbreak it led to thousands newly coined words expressions (neologisms) both in English other...

The question of the origin and ways borrowing into Russian language names oriental fabrics, which were imported in large quantities Russia 17th century, has been attracting attention scholars for a long time, but synchronous bilingual Persian sources hardly involved study this issue. article examines number such stored State Archive Ancient Acts: these are lists goods gifts brought from Safavid...

Is the observed large increase in consumer indebtedness since 1970 beneficial for U.S. consumers? This paper quantitatively investigates the macroeconomic and welfare implications of relaxing borrowing constraints using a model with preferences featuring temptation and self-control. The model can capture two contrasting views: the positive view, which links increased indebtedness to financial i...

BACKGROUND Borrowing money is a common strategy to cope with health care costs. The impact of borrowing on households can be severe, leading to indebtedness and further impoverishment. However, the available literature on borrowing practices for health is limited. We explore borrowing practices for paying for health care by the poor in Cambodia and provide a typology, associated conditions, and...