We previously found that SNF2, a gene encoding a transcription factor forming part of the SWI/SNF (switching/sucrose non-fermenting) chromatin-remodelling complex, is involved in lipid accumulation, because the Deltasnf2 disruptant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a higher lipid content. The present study was conducted to identify other factors that might further increase lipid accumulation in t...

We recently identified a cDNA encoding a putative isovaleryl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis (AtIVD). In animals, this homotetrameric enzyme is located in mitochondria and catalyzes the conversion of isovaleryl-CoA to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA as an intermediate step in the leucine (Leu) catabolic pathway. Expression of AtIVD:smGFP4 fusion proteins in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protop...

background: fasciola species are parasitic trematode with world wide distribution that infects wild and domesticated herbivores, particularly ruminants. the aim of the present study was to investigate the intra species variations of f. gigantica, from goats and buffalos isolates in two common geographic climates of iran. methods: fasciola species were collected from goat, buffalo, sheep, and ca...

Choline oxidase catalyzes the flavin-dependent, two-step oxidation of choline to glycine betaine via the formation of an aldehyde intermediate. The oxidation of choline includes two reductive half-reactions followed by oxidative half-reactions. In the first oxidation reaction, the alcohol substrate is activated to its alkoxide via proton abstraction and oxidized via transfer of a hydride from t...

Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases of lactic acid bacteria, which catalyze the stereospecific reduction of branched-chain 2-keto acids to 2-hydroxyacids, are of interest in a variety of fields, including cheese flavor formation via amino acid catabolism. In this study, we used both targeted and random mutagenesis to identify the genes responsible for the reduction of 2-keto acids derived from amino aci...

ammonia is the chief excretory product in fishes. however, non-availability of enough of water in the habitat, may lead to the formation of urea, in fishes. in the present study, the possible role of urea formation to avoid the toxicity of ammonia under water-restricted condition was tested in channa gachua. circulatory urea and ammonia were estimated in the blood of the fishes and glutamate de...