DNA paternity testing has recently become more widely available in Japan. The aim of this paper is to examine the issues surrounding (1) the implementing agency, whether the testing is conducted in a commercial direct-to-consumer (DTC) setting or a judicial non-DTC setting, and (2) the implementation conditions and more specifically the legal capacity of the proband (test subject). Literature r...

Geographical space is an important factor across a wide range of decision-making problems, not only because many human and environmental processes vary markedly from one place to another, but also because space determines people's perception of the world and ultimately determines what we call 'local' and ‘global’. The ability of individuals and social groups to map out, in a true geographic sen...

This article investigates the representative-agent hypothesis for a population which faces a collective choice from a given finite-dimensional space of alternatives. Each individual’s preference ordering is assumed to admit a utility representaion through an element of an exogenously given set of admissible utility functions. In addition, we assume that (i) the class of admissible utility funct...

This is a timely piece of work given the emphasis being placed on the patient in the process of health policy formulation and service design and commissioning. Duncan et al. therefore ask a very relevant and important question about the validation of patient and service user involvement and in particular the qualification of representative groups that purport to voice the views of people with a...

The article considers the scientific and practical aspects of customs representative institution activity in Russia conditions intense challenging foreign economic (FEA) enterprises. On basis process specifics identified comprehending approaches to development institution, a role this institution’s subjects is determined, ambiguity attitude towards them from authorities represented. complicatio...

Background Increasingly, healthcare and non-healthcare employers prohibit or penalize the use of tobacco products among current and new employees in the United States. Despite this trend, and for a range of different reasons, around half of states currently legally protect employees from being denied positions, or having employment contracts terminated, due to tobacco use.   Methods We undertoo...

We argue that the link between women directors in co-determined supervisory boards and firm innovation depends on two contextual factors: (1) Women directors' power, as measured by their share among shareholder representatives, (2) whether are represented both representative functions, is, employee representatives. In our empirical analysis based German panel data, we find positive to be driven...