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PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effect of a 4-week living high training low (LHTL) versus a living low training low (LLTL) program on energy metabolism during submaximal exercise and 3000-m and 5000-m time trial (TT) in athletes. METHODS Male athletes (n = 20) were randomly assigned to the LLTL (n = 10, living at 1000 m and training at 700-1330 m) and LHTL (n = 10, living at simulat...

We investigated the changes in both performance and selected physiological parameters following a Live High-Train Low (LHTL) altitude camp in either normobaric hypoxia (NH) or hypobaric hypoxia (HH) replicating current "real" practices of endurance athletes. Well-trained triathletes were split into two groups (NH, n = 14 and HH, n = 13) and completed an 18-d LHTL camp during which they trained ...

"Live High-Train Low" (LHTL) training can alter oxidative status of athletes. This study compared prooxidant/antioxidant balance responses following two LHTL protocols of the same duration and at the same living altitude of 2250 m in either normobaric (NH) or hypobaric (HH) hypoxia. Twenty-four well-trained triathletes underwent the following two 18-day LHTL protocols in a cross-over and random...

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A novel composite right/left-handed (CRLH) coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed zeroth-order resonator antenna is proposed. The shorted CRLH transmission line exhibits zeroth-order resonance at 2 GHz and operates with narrow bandwidth. The dispersion analysis is also carried out and presented in this article. The proposed antenna has been fabricated and tested. Omnidirectional radiation pattern with a ...

We investigate the properties of nonlinear envelope pulses developed in a coupled composite rightand left-handed (CRLH) transmission line with regularly spaced Schottky varactors. It is found that the dispersive distortion of the envelope pulses carried by each mode is well compensated by nonlinearity introduced by the varactors. In addition, we numerically observe that the collision of two non...

The propagation and radiation properties of dual composite right/left-handed (D-CRLH) transmission line metamaterials are presented, and validated experimentally with a 1D microstrip prototype. In its fast-wave regime, this structure operates as a leaky-wave antenna capable of backfire-to-endfire radiation scanning with beam squinting smaller than that of conventional CRLH (C-CRLH) antennas. It...