Lateral penumbra of multileaf collimator plays an important role in radiotherapy treatment planning. Growing evidence has revealed that, for a single-focused multileaf collimator, lateral penumbra width is leaf position dependent and largely attributed to the leaf end shape. In our study, an analytical method for leaf end induced lateral penumbra modelling is formulated using Tangent Secant The...

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) represents small, random variation from symmetry in otherwise bilaterally symmetrical characters. Significant increases in FA have been found for several species of plants and animals in response to various stresses, including environmental and genetic factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of elevated CO2 on leaf symmetry of two oak species, Quercus gemi...

We describe a representation for tree leaves and an interactive modeling system for creating realistic close up images of leaf clusters. The planar outline of the leaf and the larger members of its venation system are strong factors in the recognition of plant species and as such are essential to realistic imaging. The larger veins also play a major biological role in determining the leaf surfa...

Rice field art is a large-scale art form in which people design rice fields using various kinds of ornamental rice plants with different leaf colors. Leaf color-related genes play an important role in the study of chlorophyll biosynthesis, chloroplast structure and function, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Despite the role of different metabolites in the traditional relationship between leaf and ...

Assessment and monitoring of rangeland in different grazing managements seems necessary to manage rangelands. The plant functional groups can be used as appropriate responders for rangelands condition and management. Therefore, this study was performed and aimed to determine the most important traits that are influenced by rangeland variation and management. In order to this, three areas along ...

In this paper we develop new algorithmic machinery for solving hard problems on graphs of bounded rank-width and on digraphs of bounded bi-rank-width in polynomial (XP, to be precise) time. These include, particularly, graph colouring and chromatic polynomial problems, the Hamiltonian path and c-min-leaf outbranching, the directed cut, and more generally MSOL-partitioning problems on digraphs. ...

nowadays, tobacco is considered as one of the important world industrial plants. in the present study, for a creation of somaclonal variation, calli were produced on ms medium supplemented by 2 mg/l of naphthalene acetic acid (naa) and then regenerated on ms medium supplemented with 1 mg/l benzyl amino purine (bap) and 0.1 mg/l of naa. to determine correlations among traits and to fit multiple ...