BACKGROUND AND AIMS Corner's rule states that thicker twigs bear larger leaves. The exact nature of this relationship and why it should occur has been the subject of numerous studies. It is obvious that thicker twigs should support greater total leaf area ([Formula: see text]) for hydraulical and mechanical reasons. But it is not obvious why mean leaf size ([Formula: see text]) should scale pos...

This work considers the problem of Bayesian estimation of a hidden Markov source corrupted by additive noise. We develop sequential and complete sequence Bayesian de-coders for noisy sources with memory and apply them to the log-area ratio (LAR) coeecients of speech corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise. To this end, we follow a model-based approach in which the source is approximated by a...

in order to investigate the effect of different ratios of ammonium: nitrate on the photosynthesis and fatty acid composition in canola (brassica napus l.) under different levels of salinity, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on complete randomize design at agricultural research center in east azerbaijan in 2010. the first factor was different ratios of nitrogen sources to ammoniu...

Drosophila and leech models of nervous system development demonstrate that protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) receptors regulate developmental neurite outgrowth. Whether PTP receptors regulate neurite outgrowth in adult systems or in regenerative states remains unknown. The leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) receptor is known to be present in rodent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons; there...

The genus Oryza, which includes rice (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) and wild relatives, is a useful genus to study leaf properties in order to identify structural features that control CO2 access to chloroplasts, photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and drought tolerance. Traits, 26 structural and 17 functional, associated with photosynthesis and transpiration were quantified on 24 access...

Leaf growth and development determines a plant's capacity for photosynthesis and carbon fixation. These morphological traits are the integration of genetic and environmental factors through time. Yet fine dissection of the developmental genetic basis of leaf expansion throughout a growing season is difficult, due to the complexity of the trait and the need for real time measurement. In this stu...

Leaf area is an important plant canopy structure parameter with important ecological significance. Light detection and ranging technology (LiDAR) with the application of a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) is an appealing method for accurately estimating leaf area; however, the actual utility of this scanner depends largely on the efficacy of point cloud data (PCD) analysis. In this paper, we pre...

OBJECTIVES Just as people with the same weight can have different body builds, woods with the same wood density can have different anatomies. Here, our aim was to assess the magnitude of anatomical variation within a restricted range of wood density and explore its potential ecological implications. METHODS Twig wood of 69 angiosperm tree and shrub species was analyzed. Species were selected ...