We have investigated the possibility of determining the optical coefficients of muscle in the extremities with in vivo time-resolved reflectance measurements using a layered model. A solution of the diffusion equation for two layers was fitted to three-layered Monte Carlo calculations simulating the skin, the subcutaneous fat and the muscle. Relative time-resolved reflectance data at two distan...

HgTe quantum wells possess remarkable physical properties as for instance the quantum spin Hall state and the "single-valley" analog of graphene, depending on their layer thicknesses and barrier composition. However, double HgTe quantum wells yet contain more fascinating and still unrevealed features. Here we report on the study of the quantum phase transitions in tunnel-coupled HgTe layers sep...

X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on Co?Pt1-?/Pd, Co/Pd, Co/Fe, and Co/W multilayer samples with different structures, such as Co?Pt1-? alloy layer composition ?, bilayer thickness, and number of bilayers. Multilayer samples were made by magnetron sputtering in a chamber with multi-parallel guns and a position controllable substrate. Co?Pt1-? alloy layers were deposited by cosputter...

Magnetic shape memory Heusler alloys, such as NiCoMnAl, are considered promising candidates for magnetocaloric cooling applications. Grown in thin film systems of adjacent layers with austenite and martensite crystal structures almost equal thicknesses, a long-range ordering phenomenon the 3D checkerboard pattern occurs NiCoMnAl samples. The crystallographic origin is proven by transmission ele...

Thanks toits high refractive index contrast, band gap and polarization mismatch compared to GaN, In0.17Al0.83N layers lattice-matched to GaN are an attractive solution for applications such as distributed Bragg reflectors, ultraviolet light-emitting diodes, orhigh electron mobility transistors. In order to study the structural degradation mechanism of InAlN layers with increasing thickness, we ...

this paper deals with evaluating the thermal behavior of exterior walls in dwellings of a particular place. today, there is a huge increase in constructing multi-storey apartment buildings and single-family houses in the city of yazd, a city with hot dry climate and a rich historical architecture in iran. unfortunately, the new methods that are used nowadays to make the envelopes of these dwell...

A series of trilayers of sputtered Fe/Si/Fe were grown to study the interface characteristics and magnetic coupling between ferromagnetic Fe layers (30 Å thick) for Si spacer thickness (tSi) ranging from 15 Å to 40 Å. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, AFM, resistivity and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements show substantial intermixing between the layers during deposition whi...