the principle of legality is a fundamental principle of criminal law within all statutory legal systems. the principle has been recognized in the iranian legal system which has been influenced by islamic law as well as french law especially since the beginning of the codification era. conversely, in english law which is mainly defined by common law, recently have been taken significant steps to...

with the overthrow of the shah and the rise to power of ayatollah khomeini in 1979, iran changed from a monarchy to an islamic regime based on an islamic constitution and islamic laws. as a result, a western stereotype of iranian women as veiled and helpless creatures got created. this stereotypical view has dominated public opinion since 1979 in both western societies in general, and among wes...

current approaches to the analysis of internal combustion engines are no longer merely based on the first law of thermodynamics and are conducted from the second law either. the evaluation of processes by the first law cannot provide a sophisticated insight into the issue. so, due to the necessity of having a detailed perspective of the losses in different thermodynamic processes, a useful meth...

with the rise of importance of sport as a social phenomenon in recent decades, more public attention has been paid to the issue of the legal nature of the rules governing social relations in sports. the issue raised above are only a part of a much broader topic that involves questions of relations of a classical westphalian state and changes in the international community as well as issues of t...

Air, sea and land transport networks continue to expand in reach, speed of travel and volume of passengers and goods carried. Pathogens and their vectors can now move further, faster and in greater numbers than ever before. Three important consequences of global transport network expansion are infectious disease pandemics, vector invasion events and vector-borne pathogen importation. This revie...

This Article proposes a source tax system for emerging economies that promotes development by encouraging the importation of capital and technologies while at the same time providing tax revenue for development. Since freer trade and freer factor mobility have made the traditional territorial notion of source taxation obsolete, emerging economies should recognize that source taxation must inste...