In this article we discuss studies showing that rats are able to regulate their intake of BCAA depending on the level of exercise, and that they will choose a solution of BCAA over water during times of intense exercise. We found that the voluntary intake of a solution made of BCAA, L-arginine and L-glutamine positively correlated with the timing and volume of exercise during the dark (active) ...

High-fat (HF) feeding induces a transient increase in caloric intake and enhances energy expenditure. We hypothesized that leptin is necessary for homeostatic restoration of the HF-enhanced caloric intake and may mediate the increase in uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). We employed a leptin antagonist to examine the role of leptin in these biological processes. Simultan...

the starting behavior of a supersonic axisymmetric mixed compression air intake was numerically investigated. the code solves reynolds-averaged navier–stokes equations using an explicit finite volume method in a structured grid by the roe flux difference splitting scheme. further, it uses the baldwin–lomax algebraic model to compute the turbulent viscosity coefficient. the correct method of sur...

UNLABELLED The basolateral amygdala has been implicated in the regulation of food intake besides the hypothalamic centres. In the present study, we hypothesized that the Orexin B, a polypeptide identified in the lateral hypothalamic region, may be involved in the modification of the functions the of amygdaloid centres. We therefore studied the effect of infusion of Orexin B and its antagonist (...

OBJECTIVE The role of the central nervous system in mediating metabolic effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is poorly understood. Using a rat model of RYGB, we aimed to identify changes in gene expression of key hypothalamic neuropeptides known to be involved in the regulation of energy balance. METHODS Lean male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either RYGB or sham surgery. Body w...

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play an important role in regulating appetite and have been shown to do so by influencing neural activity in the hypothalamus. To shed light on the hypothalamic circuits governing acetylcholine's (ACh) regulation of appetite this study investigated the influence of hypothalamic nAChRs expressing the α4 subunit. We found that antagonizing the α4β2 nAChR...

The hypothalamus has been recognized for its involvement in both maintaining homeostasis and mediating motivated behaviors. The present article discusses a region of the hypothalamus known as the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). It is proposed that brain nuclei within the LHA including the dorsal region of the lateral hypothalamus (LHAd) and perifornical area (PeF) provide a link between neural...

Whether leptin targets the hypothalamic serotonergic system to inhibit food intake is not established. We examined the effect of a short-term i.c.v. leptin treatment on serotonin microdialysate levels in rat lateral hypothalamus. Adipose tissue gene expression was also evaluated. Male rats received four daily injections of leptin (5 μg) or vehicle (with pair-feeding to leptin-induced intake) an...

We investigated the impact of tongue-thrusting on lingual pressure during fluid intake with a straw. In this study, 12 healthy young dentate individuals (two women and 10 men; 19-33 years) were instructed to drink 15 mL of water with a regular drinking straw at 37 °C, when indicated by the investigator. Participants drank after adjusting tongue position to one of the following patterns: (i) Hol...

Water deprivation-induced thirst is explained by the double-depletion hypothesis, which predicts that dehydration of the two major body fluid compartments, the extracellular and intracellular compartments, activates signals that combine centrally to induce water intake. However, sodium appetite is also elicited by water deprivation. In this brief review, we stress the importance of the water-de...