To determine the principles of synaptic innervation of neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus and subthalamic nucleus by neurons of functionally distinct regions of the pallidal complex, double anterograde labeling was carried out at both light and electron microscopic levels in the rat. Deposits of the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and biotinylated dextran amine were pl...

What are the synaptic drives controlling the sleep-wake circuitry in the mammalian brain? In a new study it was found that GABAergic cells in posterior lateral hypothalamus inhibit sleep-promoting anterior hypothalamic cells to cause waking, whereas their inhibition augments sleep.

We recently demonstrated that hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) systems coordinately regulate nociception in a mouse model of stress-induced analgesia (SIA). However, the site of N/OFQ action on modulation of SIA was elusive, since N/OFQ was administered via intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection acting on widely distributed N/OFQ receptors (NOP) in the brain. In t...

Glucagon-like peptide 1-(7-36) amide (GLP-1) potently inhibits rat feeding behavior after central administration. Because third ventricular injection of GLP-1 appeared to be less effective than lateral ventricular injection, we have reexamined this issue. In addition, we attempted to identify brain regions other than the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that are sensitive toward GLP-...

The enzyme phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) exerts an important role in the transduction of the anorexigenic and thermogenic signals delivered by insulin and leptin to first-order neurons of the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. The termination of the intracellular signals generated by the activation of PI3-kinase depends on the coordinated activity of specific inositol phosphatase...

The present study examines subcortical connections of paraventricular thalamic nucleus (Pa) following small anterograde and retrograde tracer injections in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). An anterograde tracer injection into the dorsal midline thalamus revealed strong projections to the accumbens nucleus, basal amygdala, lateral septum, and hypothalamus. Retrograde tracer injections i...

In rodents, hypocretin (HCRT, also called orexin) influences a variety of endocrine, autonomic, and metabolic functions. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the HCRT-producing circuit is involved in the hypothalamic regulation of homeostasis in primates as well. We studied female monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) that were either fed or fasted for 24 h. Immunocytochemistry reve...

The hypothalamus is a brain region with vital functions, and alterations in its development can cause human disease. However, we still do not have a complete description of how this complex structure is put together during embryonic and early postnatal stages. Radially oriented, outside-in migration of cells is prevalent in the developing hypothalamus. In spite of this, cell contingents from ou...

FELDMAN, SHAUL, CHARLES S. VAN DER HEIDE AND ROBERT W. PORTER. Evoked potentials in the hypothalamus. Am. J. Physiol. rg6(6): I 163-1167. I g5g.-The distribution and some properties of the evoked potentials in the hypothalamus from stimulation of the sciatic nerve were investigated in 60 cats. In the posterior and lateral hypothalamus biphasic positive-negative responses of 7-1 o msec. latency ...

A brain-enriched secreting signal peptide, NELL2, has been suggested to play multiple roles in the development, survival, and activity of neurons in mammal. We investigated here a possible involvement of central NELL2 in regulating feeding behavior and metabolism. In situ hybridization and an im-munohistochemical approach were used to determine expression of NELL2 as well as its colocalization ...