introduction: our aim was compare of two types of lithotripter include holmium: yag laser and pneumatic one in transurethral ureterolithotripsy (tul) for the management of ureteral calculi ≥1 cm. methods: 112 patients with ureteral calculi more than 1 cm were selected in randomized order for pneumatic or holmium: yag laser transurethral ureterolithotripsy (56 patients in each group). ultrasonog...

direct peroral cholangioscopy under carbon dioxide insufflation Direct peroral cholangioscopy (DPOCS) is a useful and effective technique for diagnosis and therapy of biliary tract disease [1–3]. No instances of a fatal systemic gas embolism developing during DPOCS under carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation have yet been reported. A 68-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a complaint o...