in recent years, language-learning research has been more concerned with factors that may affect the choice of learning strategies among learners. in studies conducted by cohen (1990), ehrman and oxford (1995), macintyre and gardner (1989) and reid (1987), these factors have been identified as motivation, gender, learning style, previous experience, and personality type. this study attempts to ...

If the target of foreign language teaching is to use the language, communicative language teaching (CLT) seems to be an ideal teaching model. The goal of teaching with this method is to use the language as a medium of communication (Adi, 2012).The application of the communicative approach in teaching English as a foreign language, however, is associated with some problems that can cause the met...

This paper describes the participation of the XLDB Group in the Monolingual IR task for the Portuguese language. We present tumba!, a Portuguese search engine, and we describe its architecture and asumptions. We discuss the way we used tumba! in CLEF, detailing the submitted runs and our experiments with ranking algorithms. In the end, we evaluate our participation and comment on future work.

In the context of the IJCNLP workshop on Natural Language Processing (NLP) for Less Privileged Languages, we discuss the obstacles to research on such languages. We also briefly discuss the ways to make progress in removing these obstacles. We mention some previous work and comment on the papers selected for the workshop.

We thank the reviewers for reviewing our manuscript critically. We have addressed the comments given by the reviewers. Besides, a point-by-point response to each comment has been provided (in blue) in this cover letter. We hope we have addressed the concerns raised by reviewers. Besides, the manuscript was edited for language errors.

After a short analysis of the requirements that a knowledge representation language must satisfy, we introduce Description Logics, Modal Logics, and Nonmonotonic Logics as formalisms for representing terminological knowledge, time-dependent or subjective knowledge, and incomplete knowledge respectively. At the end of each section, we brieey comment on the connection to Logic Programming.

The Uniied Modeling Language consists of a set of mostly graphi-cal description techniques for the speciication, modeling, and documentation of object-oriented systems. Based on the experience gained in using UML 1.0 for the development of a medium-sized, distributed Java program, we comment on its strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, some proposals for extensions and changes are made.

It is dicult to express the denition of the comments of C language in a regular expression. However, the denition can be expressed by a simple regular expression by introducing a special symbol, called the any-symbol, that represents any single character, or by introducing a kind of negation symbol into regular expressions. In general, the problem of string pattern matching can be expressed as ...