The population growth and the climate changes impose challenges to society, especially regarding food supply maintenance of desirable soil conditions. Besides, it is necessary reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, there a necessity studies addressing understanding conditions under different land uses, as soils can become carbon pools or sources depending on management practices. This study wa...

This paper explores the urban grid of downtown Baghdad City through a scientific and quantifiable approach. The research methodology includes case study application Space Syntax, which offers various measures to describe spatial properties areas produces specific, computable data related concepts integration segregation. selected grid, spans one-kilometer square, was analyzed at several levels ...

mashhad city, according to the latest official statistics of the country is the second populated city after tehran and is the biggest metropolis in the east of iran. considering the rapid growth of the population over the last three decades, the city’s development area has been extended, significantly. this significant expansion has impacted natural lands on suburb and even some parts e.g. rang...