1 Pete Smith has been a Coordinating Lead Author for Chapter 8 " Agriculture " of the IPCC Working Group III fourth assessment report "Mitigation of Climate Change". Abstract Energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions are closely linked. This paper reviews agricultural options to reduce energy intensities and their impacts, discusses important accounting issues related to system boundaries,...

Urban bee ecology is an emerging field that holds promise for advancing knowledge of bee community dynamics and promoting bee conservation. Published studies of bee communities in urban and suburban habitats are fewer than those documenting bees in agricultural and wildland settings. As land lost to urbanization is predicted to increase in coming years the necessity of studying urban bee popula...

A recursive claim that there is a ’scarcity of global data on evaporative partitioning’ is used to justify the development of the STEAM model (see e.g. pg. 206, L23). However, over the last decade, there have been numerous efforts to derive the separate components of the terrestrial evaporative flux at the global scale, not just from land surface models and climate reanalyses, but also by combi...

The wetlands of the Gulf Coast region of the United States are under pressure from relative sea level rise and subsidence pressures that threaten to alter fishery breeding grounds and increase expected damage from stochastic storm events, among other issues. Barrier islands, marshes, and swamps are thus forms of natural capital that serve both an intermediate role in supporting fishery stocks, ...

Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is an important staple food crop, especially in Ethiopia where it is annually grown on 2.8 million hectares of land. It is important for food security in the region, in spite of having a low yield, mainly due to lodging. In this study, 15 representative landraces as well as three improved varieties have been selected for in-depth characterization of many par...

Food policy should serve humanity by advancing the humane goals of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. However, these goals have recently been challenged by emerging forces including climate change, water scarcity, the energy crisis as well as the credit crisis. This paper analyses the overall role of these forces and population growth in redefining global food security. Specifically, globa...

Over the last few years, a growing interest has been directed toward the use of macroalgae as a source of energy, food and molecules for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Besides this, macroalgal development remains poorly understood compared to other multicellular organisms. Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) form a monophyletic lineage of usually large multicellular algae which evolved inde...

CRP5 focuses on three critical issues: water scarcity, land degradation and ecosystem services. It seeks to differentiate itself from cropand systems-based CRPs by addressing natural resource constraints at a river basin and landscape scale rather than the field to farm level. Underpinning this CRP is the understanding that sustainable natural resource management is a prerequisite for poverty a...

This paper analyses whether the evolution of water law in the Australian colony of New South Wales (NSW) contradicts theoretical models that suggest in arid countries correlative, land based water rights will be replaced with individual ownership. Evidence from NSW shows a series of Supreme Court decisions between 1850-1870 adopted correlative riparian rights thereby implying that common law wa...

The problem of scarcity of multi image supporting for satellite image is handled with the help of multispectral sensing image method. In that the SVM-2 (Support Vector Machine – 2) is consider for classifying the different types of land covering area. The workflow of multispectral acquired with an absurd image into orthorectified image, in that we identified several challenges including file fo...