Requirement management plays a crucial role in determining a successful engineering design project. The focus of current requirement research is on the development of requirement elicitation, analysis and formalization methods and tools. Moreover, the existing requirement research often pays attention to the fuzzy front end of product design process. In fact, there exists more needs for require...

Most of firms design products by using several resources such human resources and tools, to sell these products to customers regardless to design the products for learning objectives. Based upon several endeavors realized in the academic and hands-on activities this paper presents the three basic theories underlined to the notion of design for learning and teaching c knowledge, design, and lear...

There is a tendency in information security education at universities to not only teach protection measures but also attack techniques. Increasingly more universities offer hands-on labs, where students can experience both the attackers’ and the administrators’ view. Getting to know the attackers’ view is thought to lead to a better understanding of information security and its problems compare...

Animal welfare is a factor which affects public acceptability of animal usage systems and hence sustainability. The concepts of welfare, need, stress, health, pain, emotion and feeling are defined and the relationships amongst these are discussed. The scientific assessment of animal welfare, including animal health, has developed rapidly in recent years and the sophistication of this will impro...

Implementation of the 3Rs (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction) in animal studies is a legal requirement in many countries. In The Netherlands, animal welfare officers (AWOs) are appointed to monitor the welfare of laboratory animals. As part of this task, AWOs give advice to researchers and can therefore have an influential role in implementing 3R methods in research. A national survey was c...

Transferring expertise from highly qualified experts to non-expert veterinarians and animal breeders is one of the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Expert Systems (CLAES) main objectives. CLAES used the knowledge based system technology to achieve this objective. Five animal knowledge based systems have been developed for diagnosis animal diseases and/or management farm. This paper presents ...

epilepsy is one of the most common chronic disorders affecting individuals of all ages. a greater understanding of pathogenesis in epilepsy will likely provide the basis fundamental for development of new antiepileptic therapies that aim to prevent the epileptogenesis process or modify the progression of epilepsy in addition to treatment of epilepsy symptomatically. therefore, several investiga...

To-date, the dominant approach to improving farm animal welfare has consisted of a combination of voluntary improvements undertaken by farmers and the tightening of legal requirements. However, history suggests that there is a limit to the improvements capable of being secured by this approach. In this paper, it is argued that economic principles can and should have an important role when new, ...