Gravitational potential energy (GPE) is lost during convective adjustment. Using monthly mean climatological datasets, the annual mean GPE loss due to convective adjustment in the world oceans is estimated at 0.24 TW. Conversion from the mean-state GPE to eddies GPE and kinetic energy (KE) is also estimated, using the commonly accepted Gent-McWilliams scheme. Our estimate is that about 1.1TW is...

where σ is the stress tensor, ǫ = 12 (∇u +∇u) T is the strain tensor, f is a body force per unit mass (gravity is a typical example), qT is a volume source (it may model chemical reactions, Joule effects, radioactive decay, etc.), and jT is the heat flux. In addition to the above three fundamental conservation equations, one may also have to add L equations that accounts for the conservation of...

The discovery by Swift that a good fraction of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) have a slowly decaying X-ray afterglow phase led to the suggestion that energy injection into the blast wave takes place several hundred seconds after the burst. This implies that right after the burst the kinetic energy of the blast wave was very low and in turn the efficiency of production of γ-rays during the burst was ex...

It is well known that for increasingly rarefied flowfields, the predictions from continuum formulation, such as the Navier–Stokes equations lose accuracy. For the high speed diatomic molecular flow in the transitional regime, the inaccuracies are partially attributed to the single temperature approximations in the Navier–Stokes equations. Here, we propose a continuum multiple temperature model ...