Background: Chronic renal failure is a major public health problem. Identifying individual’s risk factors are important to prevent infection of chronic failure. Objective: this study aimed highlight the associated with for patients attending hemodialysis center at Al-Thwara Authority Hospital in Ibb city, Yemen. Methods: hospital-based cross sectional study. A total 100 collected randomly from ...

BACKGROUND For more than a decade, most parts of Somalia have not been under the control of any type of government. This "failure of state" is complete in the central and southern regions and most apparent in Mogadishu, which had been for a long period in the hands of warlords deploying their private militias in a battle for resources. In contrast, the northern part of Somalia has had relativel...

BACKGROUND Substance use remains high among Ethiopian youth and young adolescents particularly in high schools and colleges. The use of alcohol, khat and tobacco by college and university students can be harmful; leading to decreased academic performance, increased risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. However, the magnitude of substance use and the factors associated...

BACKGROUND In Ethiopia, although there are numerous small-scale and medium industries which use lead-based raw materials that may pose health risks to workers, there are no workplace regulations for lead exposure. Moreover, there are no studies carried out on the blood lead levels (BLLs) of workers or on the contribution of common workplace practices to lead poisoning. METHOD A cross-sectiona...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND In Low and Middle Income Countries, mental health services are often poorly developed due to the lack of resources and trained personnel. In order to overcome these challenges, new ways of care have been suggested such as a focus on community-based services. In Somalia, the consumption of the natural stimulant khat is highly prevalent, aggravating mental illness. At the...

Cigarette smoking remains a leading cause of preventable disease (cancer, heart disease) and premature death in the United States and other countries (Surgeon General’s report, 2004, 2010). The prevalence of tobacco smoking in the developed world has decreased dramatically in the last decades whilst the trend for the increase in the developing countries is growing. It is estimated that by 2030,...

Amphetamine analogues are produced by plants in the genus Ephedra and by khat (Catha edulis), and include the widely used decongestants and appetite suppressants (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine and (1R,2S)-ephedrine. The production of these metabolites, which derive from L-phenylalanine, involves a multi-step pathway partially mapped out at the biochemical level using knowledge of benzoic acid metaboli...