The European ::union:: (EU) along with the Security Council (SC) has imposed sanctions on Iran over the controversies around Iranian nuclear program. A review of the literature on the implementation of international sanctions against I.R. Iran shows that with passing time and disagreement between negotiating parties, the toughening and broadening of scope and focus of sanction has taken plac...

Over the years, Soviet and post-Soviet Russian legal practice has responded to foreign international economic sanctions reactively. As a rule, Russia not initiated as an assertive measure against other countries, will apply authorized by organization of which it is member for voted, retaliates almost reflexively imposed others specifically Russia, seemingly with little regard self-imposed conse...

Abstract This article focuses on the legality of unilateral economic sanctions that consist in non-performance obligations field relations under relevant applicable treaties, and role international adjudicative bodies can play drawing a line between legal illegal sanctions. It revisits scarce litigation before ICJ WTO , pinpointing grey areas law to sanctions, which further clarification is nee...

Police attitudes are important in facilitating a sense of safety and comfort in women seeking justice-system support for protection from partner violence. This study examined police attitudes toward sanctions and treatment for domestic violence offenders compared with other violent and nonviolent offenders. In addition, police attitudes toward domestic violence offenders who do and do not use s...

The legume-rhizobia symbiosis is a classical mutualism where fixed carbon and nitrogen are exchanged between the species. Nonetheless, the plant carbon that fuels nitrogen (N(2)) fixation could be diverted to rhizobial reproduction by 'cheaters'--rhizobial strains that fix less N(2) but potentially gain the benefit of fixation by other rhizobia. Host sanctions can decrease the relative fitness ...

AS AMERICA'S CORRECTIONAL POPULATIONS HAVE ROCKETED UPWARD since the 1970s, researchers have quite properly focused attention on prisons and prisoners. Yet examinations ofthe US punishment record must look beyond prison gates, as criminal justice sanctions also trigger a range of formal and informal collateral consequences. For those so punished, employment restrictions and other collateral san...