This article intends to estimate the optimal value of investment and human capital in R&D sector of Iranian economy using an augmented endogenous growth model. To do so, two issues have been studied. First, an endogenous growth model has been extended to include investment in R&D as an independent variable. In the framework of this model, in order to determine the optimal value of investment an...

This article pursues two tasks. The first is to clarify the value and productivity of Williams’s Keywords: a vocabulary culture society (first edition 1976, second expanded 1983a) for project Cultural Studies. clarification helped, I argue, by reading it alongside Vološinov’s Marxism philosophy language (published in Russian 1929, translated into English 1973). related task speculative developm...