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Federal Rule of Evidence 704(b) (and state counterparts) bars opinion testimony on the effect of mental state on an element of a crime or defense. The application of the rule involves substantial judicial discretion. As the jurisprudence to date indicates, deceptions to the rule circumvent its application.

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Meanings of pluralism in different disciplines – Meaning in jurisprudence, esp. European Court of Human Rights – Feature of society and idea of society – Individual freedom v. group existence – Politics, religion, education – Pluralism as expression of rights and as guarantee of rights – Rejection of legal pluralism – Contradiction of elitist theory – State protection of pluralism and its limits

the theologians school is one of the most famous theological schools among sunnis, mo’tazelah and abaziye. using a deductive manner and by clarifying cases and regardless of jurisprudence precepts, theological rules are set and developed in this school. the sources of research in this school include theological rules, theology, dialect, jurisprudence and the logic. the main strategies of this m...

In Western literatures, "conflict" is a general term that refers to discord between two or more entities. In Islamic jurisprudence, however, in addition to the term "conflict" (Taāruz), there is another term which is called tazāhum. The two terms, however, have different definitions. Conflict between two concepts, for instance, indicates that one is right and the other is wrong, while tazāhum d...