to follow the recipe and make goulash. So in relating genotype to phenotype we will get nowhere if we confine embryology to a black box. The contribution to development is the only way genes affect phenotype. We also need to understand how incremental changes in phenotype could result from small changes in development, which then result from changes in DNA. This severely limits natural selectio...

in this study, mutant forms of bacillus thuringiensis spp. israelensis (h14) were produced. these mutants were identified when the cells were cultured on chloramphenicol plates and stained with crystal violet. protoplasts of the mutants were isolated by enzymatic digestion (lysozyme) of the cell walls at the presence of an osmotic stabilizer. the protoplasts were induced to fuse to each other i...

fusion is an anomaly manifested in both deciduous and permanent dentitions. fu- sion of dental tissues in the primary dentition is of clinical significance owing to the challenges in treatment of the affected teeth and aberrations encountered in development and eruption of their successors. triple tooth refers to the :union: of three separate tooth entities. it can occur by fusion, germination,...

original article   mental fatigue (mf) is considered as a contributor factor in incident, even catastrophic one. electroencephalography measurement has been the most acceptable method to assess mf by neurologists. however, this method could be hardly feasible in real work setting. flicker fusion device, by contrast, is more usable at work setting. the purpose of this study was to compare the cr...

background: controlling the hemodynamic situation of patients who have spinal operation is of prime importance, and maintaining the heart rate and blood pressure in normal or low- normal levels in these patients can reduce their bleeding loss. one of the commonly used drugs for this purpose is remifentanil. another sedative-hypnotic-analgesic drug, with acceptable effects is dexmedetomidine. th...

Extending and improving the concepts: woven frame and fusion frames, we introduce the notion of woven fusion frames in Hilbert spaces. We clarify our extension and generalization by some examples of woven frames and woven fusion frames. Also, we present some properties of woven fusion frames, especially we show that for given two woven frames of sequences, one can build woven fusion frames and ...

Caecilians (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona) are unique among vertebrates in having two sets of jaw-closing muscles, one on either side of the jaw joint. Using data from high-resolution X-ray radiation computed tomography scans, we modelled the effect of these two muscle groups (mm. levatores mandibulae and m. interhyoideus posterior) on bite force over a range of gape angles, employing a simplified ...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dosimetric profiles and delivery accuracy of running-start-stop (RSS) delivery in tomotherapy and to present initial quality assurance (QA) results on the accuracy of the dynamic jaw motion, dosimetric penumbrae of the RSS dynamic jaw and the static jaw were measured by radiographic films. Delivery accuracy of the RSS was evaluated by gamma analysis...

Ceramics used for the repair and reconstruction of diseased or damaged parts of the musculo-skeletal system, termed bioceramics, may be bioinert (alumina, zirconia), resorbable (tricalcium phosphate), bioactive (hydroxyapatite, bioactive glasses, and glass-ceramics), or porous for tissue ingrowth (hydroxyapatite-coated metals, alumina). Applications include replacements for hips, knees, teeth, ...

Jaws of various kinds occur in virtually all groups of Mollusca, except for Polyplacophora and Bivalvia. Molluscan jaws are formed by the buccal epithelium and either constitute a single plate, a paired formation or a serial structure. Buccal ectodermal structures in gastropods are rather different. They can be nonrenewable or having final growth, like the hooks in Clione (Gastropoda, Gymnosoma...