Introduction Changes in spatial patterns and its structural and functional dynamics which is apparently obvious within physical links and relationships of cities and rural and urban network is fundamentally one of the outcomes of forces that contribute to the controlling process of actual mechanism of capital absorption, its flow, work forces, and population. Such forces play a significant r...

the application of a comprehensive model of communicative language ability (cla) to language teaching and testing has always been an imperative in l2 education since hymess proposal of communicative competence in the 1970s. recent l2 research has clearly underscored the importance of sufficient pragmatics representation as an essential component of cla in pedagogical and testing practices in l2...

Introduction: Economic growth in the literature is considered as a function of labor, capital, education level, and labor productivity. However, it can be affected by mental, physical, and emotional health. Accordingly, this paper aimed to estimate the impact of health on economic growth by using the production function method. Method: the research population, in this cause-effect study, consi...

Improvement of living conditions in urban environments not only increases their attractiveness, but it also prepares an appropriate context for achieving to major goals of sustainable development. However, rapid growth of urbanization and other related issues with urban development have caused the problems of these habitants be increased. The situation is well understood in many Iran’s cities s...

Development of cities and urbanization and the gradual increase in the number of large cities in the world, especially in developing countries, on the one hand, and expansion of cities, centralization and accumulation of population and the enhancement of economic and environmental burden on them, on the other hand, while brining the cities in the foreground, have resulted in the cities’ adoptin...