18 Stick insect middle leg (mesothoracic) motoneurons receive tonic excitatory input during front leg 19 stepping on a treadmill. We studied the pharmacology of this excitatory input to the motoneurons 20 during single-legged treadmill walking (in situ). During bath application of drugs restricted to the 21 mesothoracic ganglion activity in motoneurons contralateral to the stepping front leg wa...

The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is a key structure of the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system and plays an important role in mediating alcohol-seeking behaviors. Alterations in glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling were recently demonstrated in the NAcc of rats after chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) treatment, a model of alcohol dependence. Here we studied dopamine (DA) modulation of GABAergic...

The extracellular concentration of the two main neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA is low but not negligible which enables a number of tonic actions. The effects of ambient GABA vary in a region-, cell-type, and age-dependent manner and can serve as indicators of disease-related alterations. Here we explored the tonic inhibitory actions of GABA in Huntington's disease (HD). HD is a devastatin...

The excitability of crayfish escape behavior is seldom fully predictable. A major determinant of this fickleness is a form of descending inhibition that is reliably evoked during restraint or feeding and is called "tonic inhibition." Tonic inhibition was found to inhibit postsynaptically the lateral giant neurons, the command neurons for one form of escape. This inhibition is located on lateral...

Temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with loss of interneurons and inhibitory dysfunction in the dentate gyrus. While status epilepticus (SE) leads to changes in granule cell inhibition, whether dentate basket cells critical for regulating granule cell feedforward and feedback inhibition express tonic GABA currents (I(GABA)) and undergo changes in inhibition after SE is not known. We find that ...

Stick insect middle leg (mesothoracic) motoneurons receive tonic excitatory input during front leg stepping on a treadmill. We studied the pharmacology of this excitatory input to the motoneurons during single-legged treadmill walking (in situ). During bath application of drugs restricted to the mesothoracic ganglion, activity in motoneurons contralateral to the stepping front leg was recorded ...

In this paper we investigate the contribution of consonant duration to the signaling of accentual prominence in Mawng, a language spoken in Northern Australia. We compare consonants in VC sequences where the vowel is part of an accented or tonic syllable vs. non-tonic (non-prominent) VC sequences. We further analyse the contribution of vowel-consonant timing to prominence, through an analysis o...

Some GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) are activated by low transmitter levels present in the extracellular space and generate an uninterrupted conductance referred to as "tonic." This tonic conductance is highly sensitive to all factors regulating the amount of GABA surrounding the neurons. Only a few GABA(A)Rs with particular subunit combinations are well suited to mediate the tonic conductance. ...

UNLABELLED The role of GABAA receptor (GABAAR)-mediated tonic inhibition in interneurons remains unclear and may vary among subgroups. Somatostatin (SOM) interneurons in the hilus of the dentate gyrus show negligible expression of nonsynaptic GABAAR subunits and very low tonic inhibition. To determine the effects of ectopic expression of tonic GABAAR subtypes in these neurons, Cre-dependent vir...