1002 several occasions as well. For instance, the unadorned wings of the most famous species in the genus, D. melanogaster, derive from a distant spotted ancestor. Prud’homme et al. took advantage of this chequered history to study the genetic basis for convergence. To validate their approach, they examined two spotted species that derive from the same spotted ancestor and whose spots would the...

The evolution of yellow fever virus over 67 years was investigated by comparing the nucleotide sequences of the envelope (E) protein genes of 20 viruses isolated in Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. Uniformly weighted parsimony algorithm analysis defined two major evolutionary yellow fever virus lineages designated E genotypes I and II. E genotype I contained viruses isolated from East ...

In 1950, Tinbergen described the elicitation of offspring begging by the red spot on the bill of parent gulls, and this became a model system for behavioural studies. Current knowledge on colour traits suggests they can act as sexual signals revealing individual quality. However, sexual signals have never been studied simultaneously in relationship to parent-offspring and sexual conflicts. We m...

Introduction: Pupil and iris disorders form an important category of eye diseases. Accurate segmentation the pupil is first most step in automatic diagnosis diseases related to iris. Most existing methods do not have enough accuracy are sensitive effects noise specular spot reflection. In addition, images used these usually limitations, such as viewing angle . Method: proposed algorithm, a stab...

Development of insecticide resistance in onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), populations in onion (Allium spp.) fields and the incidence of the T. tabaci transmitted Iris yellow spot virus have stimulated interest in evaluating alternative management tactics. Effects of straw mulch applied in commercial onion fields in muck areas of western New York were assessed in ...

Genomic components of the begomovirus causing yellow mosaic disease (YMD) in soybean in Delhi were cloned, sequenced and infectivity proved. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the virus isolate revealed more than 89% identity with Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) and therefore it is designated as soybean isolate of MYMIV (MYMIV-[Sb]). Total nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence an...

Abstract Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) and Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) are the causal agents of most important diseases of citrus. Previously we reported a novel variant of HSVd that constantly associated with the yellow corky vein disease. Here, 19 individual citrus leaves with yellow corky vein symptoms were sampled for CTV by ELISA. In this study, most symptomatic samples were found to be inf...

Development of insecticide resistance in onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), populations in onion (Allium spp.) Þelds and the incidence of the T. tabaci transmitted Iris yellow spot virus have stimulated interest in evaluating alternative management tactics. Effects of strawmulch applied in commercial onion Þelds in muck areas of western New York were assessed in 200...