Transcriptional activation of interferon beta (IFN-beta), an antiviral cytokine, requires the assembly of IRF-3 and CBP/p300 at the promoter region of the IFN-beta gene. The crystal structure of IRF-3 in complex with CBP reveals that CBP interacts with a hydrophobic surface on IRF-3, which in latent IRF-3 is covered by its autoinhibitory elements. This structural organization suggests that viru...

Previous studies have demonstrated the role of hydroquinone (HQ), a hydroxylated benzene metabolite, in modulating various immune responses; however, its role in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses is not fully understood. In this study, the role of HQ in inflammatory responses and the underlying molecular mechanism were explored in macrophages. HQ down-regulated the expression of interf...

Involvement of the Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 (IRF-1) gene in regulation of cell differentiation and proliferation made it a potential target in cancer research. IRF-1 acts as a tumor suppressor gene, and is inactivated in chronic (CML) and non-chronic myelogenous leukemia (non-CML). In the light of numerous reports on genetic changes in the noncoding region of the IRF-1 gene, this study ai...

Interferon regulatory factors (IRF)-3 and IRF-7 are master transcriptional factors that regulate type I IFN gene (IFN-alpha/beta) induction and innate immune defenses after virus infection. Prior studies in mice with single deletions of the IRF-3 or IRF-7 genes showed increased vulnerability to West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Whereas mice and cells lacking IRF-7 showed reduced IFN-alpha levels...

Aims Improving renal function (IRF) is paradoxically associated with worse outcomes in acute heart failure (AHF), but may differ based on response to decongestion. We explored if the relationship of IRF mortality hospitalized AHF patients differs successful Methods and results evaluated 760 from AKINESIS for between IRF, change B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), 1-year mortality. was defined as ...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the activation of innate immune cells, in which their engagement leads to production of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules. TLRs signaling requires recruitment of toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain-containing adaptors, such as MyD88 and/or TRIF, and leads to activation of several transcription factors, such as NF-κB, the AP1 complex, and various members of...

Interferon regulatory factors (IRF)-3 and IRF-7 are master transcriptional factors that regulate type I IFN gene (IFN-a/b)induction and innate immune defenses after virus infection. Prior studies in mice with single deletions of the IRF-3 or IRF-7genes showed increased vulnerability to West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Whereas mice and cells lacking IRF-7 showedreduced IFN-a levels a...

Intrinsic random functions (IRF) provide a versatile approach when the assumption of second-order stationarity is not met. Here, we develop the IRF theory on the circle with its universal kriging application. Unlike IRF in Euclidean spaces, where differential operations are used to achieve stationarity, our result shows that low-frequency truncation of the Fourier series representation of the I...

IFN-; is an antitumor cytokine that inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis after engagement with the IFN-; receptors (IFNGR) expressed on target cells, whereas IFN regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2) is able to block the effects of IFN-; by repressing transcription of IFN-;–induced genes. Thus far, few studies have explored the influences of IFN-; on human esophageal cancer cells. In the pre...