this paper tries to explore and asses the political party activities in iran after the islamic revolution. it believes that that formation of political parties was a result of political modernization in iran after the revolution. the authors further examine this modernization based on huntington's theory about modernization including stages of faction creation (factionalism), polarization,...

Motivated by the unusual patterns and dynamics of the Arab Spring, we construct a model explaining the vulnerability of the newly established incumbent to popular unrest. Using this model for the case of similar protests in Ukraine, we find that the current combination of availability of information, military capacity of the incumbent and his radicalization, together with the opportunity costs ...

The fundamental goal of PKIs is to provide a means for participating entities to establish and manage trust in other entities, either within or across domain boundaries. As PKIs have evolved, so has the set of alternate methods supporting validation of entities, their certificates, and their keys. Validation processing determines whether or not the acceptance of a certificate or key represents ...

The heavy metal pollution of cultivated land in China is severe, requiring remediation. Introducing third-party governance subjects representing market resources inevitable to realize the specialization and socialization However, due public nature land, confusion about participating parties’ responsibilities difficulty coordinating interests restrict expected effect To this end, a three-party e...

.......................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.....................................................................1 1.1 Greetings ................................................................................................1 1.2 Outline.......................................................................

Distributed constraint optimization problems enable the representation of many combinatorial problems that are distributed by nature. An important motivation for such problems is to preserve the privacy of the participating agents during the solving process. The present paper introduces a novel privacy-preserving branch and bound algorithm for this purpose. The proposed algorithm, P-SyncBB, pre...

Abstract This article explores how the cultural symbol of Joker, from 2019 American movie Joker , first unfolded during Iraqi Tishreen [October] Revolution as radical-gradual creative imagery both shocking and contested among activists. Considering visuals modes, I argue that they emerged antenarrative, open to multiple interpretations. The antenarrative quickly transformed into a derogatory la...

We study multi-party computation in the model where none of n participating parties are honest: they are either rational, acting in their selfish interest to maximize their utility, or adversarial, acting arbitrarily. In this new model, which we call the mixed-behavior model, we define a class of functions that can be computed in the presence of an adversary using a trusted mediator. We then gi...