This work provides the rst detailed investigation of the disturbed di usion scheme FOS/C introduced in [17] as a type of di usion distance measure within a graph partitioning framework related to Lloyd's k-means algorithm [14]. After outlining connections to distance measures proposed in machine learning, we show that FOS/C can be related to random walks despite its disturbance. Its convergence...

Synopsis We describe a model-free method to quantify the spectrum of water mobilities in ៯�xed and live brain tissues. We eliminate confounds caused by anisotropic di៛�usion in brain tissues by measuring orientationally-averaged di៛�usion weighted images over a large range of b-values. Spectra of orientationally-averaged water di៛�usivities show clear distinctions between white matter, gray mat...

That information surprises result in discontinuous interest rates is no surprise to participants in the bond markets. We develop a class of jump-di®usion models of the short rate to capture surprise e®ects, and show that these models o®er a good statistical distribution of short rate behavior, and are useful in understanding many empirical phenomena. Continuous-time and discrete-time estimators...

Why is Africa poor? Conversely, what has sustained the immense economic growth we have seen in the U.K., the U.S., and other developed countries over the last couple of centuries? While there is no single answer to these questions, technical change looms large among possible explanations. From Solow’s seminal work on growth theory to the “new growth economics”, technical change is the engine of...

When the supply of intermittent renewable energies like wind and solar is high, the electricity price is low. Conversely, prices are high when their supply is low. This reduces the pro t potential in renewable energies and, therefore, incentives to invest in renewable capacities. Nevertheless, we show that perfect competition and dynamic pricing lead to e cient choices of renewable and fossil c...

Understanding the nature of di usion in complex and compact systems, such as alloyed metals, remains a serious challenge in contemporary materials science. Since these processes take place in the bulk, direct observation, using any of the scanning probes, is ruled out and most experimental probes have to be indirect. On the simulation side, progress has been hampered by the long time scale typi...

Vision machines based on actual computational methods require the development of simple low-level feature detectors. The low-level feature detectors measure local image properties as scale, orientation, and velocity. Analog VLSI devices that mimic some functionality of biological systems appear to be robust, low power consuming, and fast enough to solve vision problems in real time. In this the...

In this paper, we give a characterization of the set of curves that may be approached by trajectories of a smooth control-a ne nonlinear system, in the topology of uniform convergence. This characterization is in terms of the drift vector field and the distribution spanned by the Lie algebra generated by the control vector fields. The characterization is valid on open sets where this distributi...

The effect of dissolved water on the diffusivity of Ar in glasses and melts of rhyolitic and albitic compositions was investigated experimentally at pressures up to 1500 MPa and water contents of 0.1^5 wt%. The data for water-poor rhyolitic composition at 500 MPa can be described in the whole temperature range of 480^11023C by a simple Arrhenius relationship DAr = 2.14U1036 m2/s exp(318 883/T)....