In this study, we determined the projections of oxytocin-containing neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to phrenic nuclei and to the rostral ventrolateral medullary (RVLM) region known to be involved in respiratory rhythm generation. Studies were also designed to determine oxytocin receptor expression within the RVLM, and the physiological effects of their activation on respiratory dri...

In this study, we determined the projections of oxytocin-containing neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to phrenic nuclei and to the rostral ventrolateral medullary (RVLM) region, which is known to be involved in respiratory rhythm generation. Studies were also designed to determine oxytocin-receptor expression within the RVLM and the physiological effects of their activation on respir...

Blind intramuscular injection might cause severe neurovascular injury if it would be performed with insufficient knowledge of anatomy around the injection area. We report a case of pseudo-anterior interosseous syndrome caused by multiple intramuscular steroid injections around the antecubital area. The patient had weakness of the 1st to 3rd digits flexion with typical OK sign. Muscle atrophy wa...

The administration of intramuscular injections is a common nursing intervention in clinical practice. This article aims to raise awareness of the use of the ventrogluteal site for administering intramuscular injections. It describes the main reasons for using this site and outlines the complications associated with the dorsogluteal site. It is hoped that this review of the literature will shift...

Accumulation of continuous life stress (chronic stress) often causes gastric symptoms. The development of gastric symptoms may depend on how humans adapt to the stressful events in their daily lives. Although acute stress delays gastric emptying and alters upper gastrointestinal motility in rodents, the effects of chronic stress on gastric motility and its adaptation mechanism remains unclear. ...

BACKGROUND The gold standard for cobalamin deficiency treatment is administration of cobalamin by intramuscular injection. The injection is painful and inconvenient, particularly for elderly persons. Cobalamin might also be administered intranasally. Previous studies do not provide insight into the pharmacokinetics of intranasal cobalamin administration in comparison with cobalamin injection. ...

the purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to examine the effect of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique on severity of pain,bruises and drug leakage at the injection site.the subjects of the study were 60 adult medical-surgical patients at Kerman university of medical sciences hospitals.subjects served as their own controls by receiving both z-track and standard  intramuscular i...

Objectives: To compare efficacy of intramyometrial oxytocin vs intravenous oxytocin infusion in reducing blood loss during cesarean section. Materials and methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial of 150 women undergoing cesarean section was done. Women undergoing cesarean section were randomly divided into three groups according to method of administration of oxytocin. In group I (n =...

The hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei consist of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin synthesizing neurons that send projections to the neurohypophysis. A growing body of evidence in adult animals and young animals at near term confirmed the structure and function in the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic network. However, whether those distinctive neural networks are formed befor...

BACKGROUND Vaccine use has been increasing worldwide, and adult populations are presented with more opportunities to experience pain from vaccine injection. The insertion of a needle through the skin is the most common source of iatrogenic pain, and needle phobia is a major concern in medical practice. However, it is unclear which factors play major roles in the perception of pain from vaccine ...