It has recently been demonstrated that human subjects and nonhuman primates adapt their arm movements when subjected to complex patterns of disturbing forces. The presence of aftereffects following the removal of the disturbing forces indicates that adaptation takes place through the development of an internal model of the disturbing force. The experimental evidence described in this paper has ...

Previous studies have indicated that timing of finger opening in an overarm throw is likely controlled centrally, possibly by means of an internal model of hand trajectory. The present objective was to extend the study of throwing to an examination of the dynamics of finger opening. Throwing a heavy ball and throwing a light ball presumably require different neural commands, because the weight ...

1. Unified Beneficiaries Database In 2003, a unified Beneficiaries Database was created, including beneficiaries of the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), National Social Security Fund (NSSF), Civil Servants Cooperative (CSC), Army, Internal Security Forces (ISF), General Security Forces (GSF) and State Security Forces (SSF). The unification of beneficiaries information implied that doublecovera...

The concept of internal models has been used to explain how the brain learns and stores a variety of motor behaviors. A large body of work has shown that conflicting internal models could not be learned simultaneously; this suggests either a limited capacity or the unstable nature of short-term motor memories. However, it has been recently shown that multiple conflicting internal models of moto...

The effective interaction energy of a colloidal sphere in a suspension containing small amounts of nonionic polymers and a flat glass surface has been measured and calculated using total internal reflection microscopy and a novel approach within density functional theory, respectively. Quantitative agreement between experiment and theory demonstrates that the resulting repulsive part of the dep...

In human motion studies, inverse dynamics analysis is the standard technique used to gain insight into the net summation of all muscle activity at each joint. In the inverse dynamics method, the joint forces and joint moments of force are calculated from a prescribed movement. Since the segmental movements, in contrast to the internal forces, can be measured, this method is commonly applied for...

A new and general approach is proposed to analyze the dynamics of a colloidal particle interacting with a nearby wall. This analysis can be used to determine the acting forces even when the system is non-stationary. As an illustration, we use total internal reflection microscopy to investigate the forces acting on a polystyrene sulfate latex particle as it is receding from a charged glass surface.

A review of recent advancements in photonic forces is presented. We discuss in detail the interaction of light and sub-wavelength particles on a substrate illuminated by total internal reflection, and we study the optical forces experienced by the particles. The effects of plasmon-mode excitations on the resulting photonic forces on metallic particles are also addressed. Moreover, we explore th...

We describe an automated, model-based method to segment the left and right ventricles in 4D tagged MR. We fit 3D epicardial and endocardial surface models to ventricle features we extract from the image data. Excellent segmentation is achieved using novel methods that (1) initialize the models and (2) that compute 3D model forces from 2D tagged MR images. The 3D forces guide the models to patie...

Internal forces in the human body can be estimated from measured movements and external forces using inverse dynamic analysis. Here we present a general method of analysis which makes optimal use of all available data, and allows the use of inverse dynamic analysis in cases where external force data is incomplete. The method was evaluated for the analysis of running on a partially instrumented ...