OBJECTIVE This study was performed to determine the anatomical landmarks and optimal dissection points of the facial nerve (FN) and the hypoglossal nerve (HGN) in the submandibular region to provide guidance for hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis (HFNA). METHODS Twenty-nine specimens were obtained from 15 formalin-fixed adult cadavers. Distances were measured based on the mastoid process ti...

Carotid arterial system are vessels of head and neck region. Comprehensive understanding on its branching configuration is considerable importance to avoid accidental injury during surgical interventions. Common carotid artery (CCA) usually bifurcates into external (ECA) internal (ICA) at level upper border thyroid cartilage. Normally ECA lies anteromedial ICA commencement provides branches, bu...

INTRODUCTION Carotid artery disease (CAD) comprising high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis (CAS) or carotid artery occlusion (CAO) may lead to ipsilateral impaired cerebral blood flow and reduced retinal blood supply. OBJECTIVE To examine the influence of chronic CAD on retinal blood flow, retinal morphology, and visual function. METHODS Patients with unilateral CAS ≥ 50% (ECST criter...

The main cerebral distribution center of 15-20% blood flow from the cardiac output is the cerebral arterial circle or circle of Willis, a nonagon of collateral vessels on the human brain base. At about 4 mm stage of the embryo, the primitive internal carotid arteries, which develop as cranial extensions of the paired dorsal aorta, are formed. Paired longitudinal neural arteries appear along the...

The insidious onset and slow progression of symptoms may cause delay in the recognition of trigeminal schwannomas. Two cases with abducens nerve palsy as an initial symptom are reported, in both of whom the tumour was growing mainly below and anterior to the intracavernous portion of the internal carotid artery. Early detection of clinical symptoms and thorough radiological investigations are i...

INTRODUCTION Branches from the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery are rare. In most cases, atherosclerotic stenosis is found at the bifurcation of the internal and external carotid arteries. However, when associated with atherosclerotic carotid artery disease, the origin of the rare branches arising from the internal carotid artery can be another site of stenosis. This report descr...

Although rare, syncope may result from metastasis to the retropharyngeal or parapharyngeal space and involve or invade the glossopharyngeal nerve or internal carotid artery. We report the CT and MR imaging findings in four patients with syncope that preceded the diagnosis of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma in the pericarotid region. These findings suggest that recurrent carcinoma should be ru...

Onodi cells have been defined as posterior ethmoid cells that have pneumatized laterally and superiorly to the sphenoid sinus. They are often close to the optic nerve or the internal carotid artery. A patient complained of a sudden decrease in left eye visual acuity and left eye pain due to formation of a primary mucocele in an Onodi cell. A coronal computed tomography scan and magnetic resonan...