[1] Under hydrostatic equilibrium, a typical assumption used in global thermosphere ionosphere models, the pressure gradient in the vertical direction is exactly balanced by the gravity force. Using the non-hydrostatic Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (GITM), which solves the complete vertical momentum equation, the primary characteristics of non-hydrostatic effects on the upper atmosphere ...

We present the first high resolution X-ray spectrum of the bright O4Ief supergiant star ζ Puppis, obtained with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer on-board XMM-Newton. The spectrum exhibits bright emission lines of hydrogen-like and helium-like ions of nitrogen, oxygen, neon, magnesium, and silicon, as well as neon-like ions of iron. The lines are all significantly resolved, with characteristi...

Many components of the storage ring and front ends in the third generation of light sources are subjected to high heat loads from intense x-rays. Temperature rises and thermal stresses in these components must be kept within acceptable limits of critical heat flux and low-cycle fatigue failure. One of the design solutions is to improve heat transfer to the cooling water either by increasing wat...

a wind farm is a collection of wind turbines built in an area to provide electricity. wind power is a renewable energy resource and an alternative to non-renewable fossil fuels. in this paper impact of wind farms in power system reliability is investigate and a new procedure for reliability assessment of wind farms in hl1 level is proposed. in proposed procedure, application of fuzzy – markov f...

wind power generation is variable and uncertain. in the power systems with high penetration of wind power, determination of equivalent operating reserve is the main concern of systems operator. in this paper, a model is proposed to determine operating reserves in simultaneous market clearing of energy and reserve by stochastic programming based on scenarios generated via monte carlo simulation ...

The numerical modeling of the effect wind direction and velocity over air cooling PV panels with heat sinks is realized. During study, a random panel typical characteristics was analyzed for three different directions—towards its back, towards front from side. analysis realized on fixed panel, oriented to south, an inclination 45 degrees horizontal position. accuracy simulation achieved by comp...

O ver the last 25 years, a series of studies has investigated the diurnal formation and destruction cycle of temperature inversions in valleys and basins (for a review see, e.g., Whiteman 1990). In most of the valleys and basins that have been studied to date, advective influences produced by the well-known, diurnally reversing upand down-valley wind systems have greatly complicated the analyse...

Talk about rewriting the textbooks. Scientists thought they knew what the heliosphere looked like. The solar system’s enveloping pocket filled with the solar wind’s charged particles is plowing through the onrushing “galactic wind” of the interstellar medium in the shape of a comet, they all agreed. When NASA launched the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) in October 2008, mission scientists...

in order to recognize the wind erosion situation of a region, the survey of its windiness is not sufficient and the physical characteristics of earth are of importance too. in fact, the outbreak of dust storms in a region is due to the sensitivity of earth and domination of wind in that region. in this investigation we have tried to find a way for determining the regions in which a dust storm i...