The research investigated perceivers' inferences about the morality of target persons who engaged in aggressive behavior. Across several experiments, inferences about the morality of an aggressor were based more on the perceived motives of the target than on the presence of facilitating situational forces. For example, when a target's aggression was facilitated by personal rewards for aggressio...

Public support of science is justified by three primary instrumental rationales: scientific advance is necessary to create new wealth; scientific advance is necessary to solve particular societal problems; and scientific advance provides the information necessary for making effective decisions. Significant and persistent disparities between promise and performance accompany each of these ration...

Aliverti, A., B. Kayser, and P. T. Macklem. Breath-by-breath assessment of alveolar gas stores and exchange. J Appl Physiol 96: 1464–1469, 2004. First published December 2, 2003; 10.1152/japplphysiol.01198.2003.—The volume of O2 exchanged at the mouth during a breath (VO2,m) is equal to that taken up by pulmonary capillaries (VO2,A) only if lung O2 stores are constant. The latter change if eith...

Abstract Instrumental variables allow for quantification of cause and effect relationships even in the absence interventions. To achieve this, a number causal assumptions must be met, most important which is independence assumption, states that instrument any confounding factor independent. However, if this condition not can we still work with imperfect instrumental variables? Imperfect instrum...

BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment places older adults at high risk of functional disability in their daily-life activities, and thus affecting their quality of life. This study aimed to examine the effects of Tai Chi on general cognitive functions and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in community-dwelling older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Hong Kong. METHODS The ...

The volume of O(2) exchanged at the mouth during a breath (Vo(2,m)) is equal to that taken up by pulmonary capillaries (Vo(2,A)) only if lung O(2) stores are constant. The latter change if either end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), or alveolar O(2) fraction (Fa(O(2))) change. Measuring this requires breath-by-breath (BbB) measurement of absolute EELV, for which we used optoelectronic plethysmogr...

Two experiments used rats to examine the transfer of control of a stimulus to a new instrumental response. That transfer was successful to the degree that the stimulus and the response shared a common outcome. The transfer was more substantial, however, when the stimulus signaled the availability of that outcome for another instrumental response compared with signaling its occurrence in a Pavlo...