Some studies suggest that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) requires downstream 5' viral polyprotein-coding sequence for efficient initiation of translation, but the role of this RNA sequence in internal ribosome entry remains unresolved. We confirmed that the inclusion of viral sequence downstream of the AUG initiator codon increased IRES-dependent translation of ...

Reaction parameters, such as droplet size, initiator solubility and monomer solubility, which are important in favouring nucleation a miniemulsion thiol–ene step polymerization reviewed.

We describe here an Escherichia coli expression system that produces recombinant proteins enriched in the N-terminal processed form, by using glutathione S-transferase cGSTM1-1 and rGSTT1-1 as models, where c and r refer to chick and rat respectively. Approximately 90% of the cGSTM1-1 or rGSTT1-1 overexpressed in E. coli under the control of a phoA promoter retained the initiator methionine res...

TATA-binding protein-associated factors (TAFIIs) within TFIID control differential gene transcription through interactions with both activators and core promoter elements. In particular, TAFII150 contributes to initiator-dependent transcription through an unknown mechanism. Here, we address whether TAFIIs within TFIID are sufficient, in conjunction with highly purified general transcription fac...

The genetic control of apomixis was studied in numerous segregating progenies originated from intercrossing and selfing of obligate sexual and facultative apomictic parents in Poa pratensis by means of the flow cytometric seed screen. The data support a novel model with five major genes required to control asexual seed formation: the Apospory initiator (Ait) gene, the Apospory preventer (Apv) g...

Caspases, a family of proteases that are essential mediators of apoptosis, are divided into two groups: initiator caspases and executioner caspases. Each initiator caspase is activated at the apex of its respective pathway, which generally leads to the cleavage and activation of executioner caspases. Executioner caspases in turn cleave numerous substrates in the cell, leading to its demise. Ini...

The human beta-globin gene is abundantly expressed specifically in adult erythroid cells. Stage-specific transcription is regulated principally by promoter proximal cis-regulatory elements. The basal promoter contains a non-canonical TATA-like motif as well as an initiator element. These two elements have been shown to interact with the TFII-D complex. Here we show that in addition to the TATA ...

Biocompatible macromolecular two-photon initiator based on hyaluronan

Polymerization of â-butyrolactone (BBL) and â-valerolactone (BVL) using the zinc alkoxide initiator (BDI-1)ZnOiPr [(BDI-1) ) 2-((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amido)-4-((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino)-2-pentene] proceeds very rapidly under mild conditions to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(3hydroxyvalerate) (PHV), respectively. For the monomer-to-initiator ratio 200:1, PHB number-average m...

Class II actin genes usually specify a polypeptide with a Met-Cys-Asp NH2 terminus, whereas the actin itself begins with an acetyl (Ac)-Asp(Glu). Previous studies with Drosophila actin showed that the first detectable intermediate is one with an Ac-Cys NH2 terminus which is subsequently cleaved in a novel reaction to expose the Asp. The initiator Met was probably removed early in translation as...