Transcription initiation at the sigma 54-dependent glnAp2 promoter was studied to follow the state of polymerase as RNA synthesis begins. Sigma 54 polymerase begins transcription in abortive cycling mode, i.e. after the first bond is made, approximately 75% of the time the short RNA is aborted and synthesis must be restarted. Polymerase is capable of abortive initiation until it reaches a posit...

Considerable evidence indicates that the general blockade of protein synthesis prevents both the initial consolidation and the postretrieval reconsolidation of long-term memories. These findings come largely from studies of drugs that block ribosomal function, so as to globally interfere with both cap-dependent and -independent forms of translation. Here we show that intra-amygdala microinfusio...

Importin13 (Imp13) is a bidirectional karyopherin that can mediate both import and export of cargoes. Imp13 recognizes several import cargoes, which include the exon junction complex components Mago-Y14 and the E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9, and one known export cargo, the translation initiation factor 1A (eIF1A). To understand how Imp13 can perform double duty, we determined the 3.6-Å crysta...

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4G functions as a scaffold protein that assembles components of the translation initiation complex required to recruit the 40S ribosomal subunit to an mRNA. Although many eukaryotes express two highly similar eIF4G isoforms, those in plants are highly divergent in size and sequence from one another and are referred to as eIF4G and eIFiso4G. Alt...

Initiation is most often the rate-limiting step of translation. Translation initiation requires the involvement of numerous factors that assist binding of the 40 S ribosomal subunit to an mRNA and the assembly of the 80 S ribosome at the correct initiation codon. Recruitment of an initiation surveillance complex is required for translation and serves to identify mRNAs that are structurally and ...

The process of ductile fracture which occurs due to the accumulation, growth and combination of defects or cracks of material is called ductile damage. Failure in materials can be predicted, using damage mechanics and damage criteria. On the other hand, most of the materials depended to the manufacturing process, are formed in warm or hot conditions so that; the temperature also affects on the ...