Major deviation Participation in housing-delivery strategies is a major deviation from the cornerstone of modernist theories and practices in architecture. In Kenya, modern development models adopted in housing delivery have proved inadequate to meeting the demand for urban housing. This shortfall has been reflected both in the quality and in the number of available houses. It has led to the pr...

Originating from a disenfranchisement with the contemporary definition and realisation of Westernised architecture as a commodity and product, this thesis seeks to explore alternative examples of positive socio-spatial practice and agency. These alternative spatial practices and methodologies are drawn from participatory and grass-roots development agency in informal settlements and contexts of...

Facing increased rural-urban migration, population growth, climate change impacts, and cascading natural, security, health hazards, many municipalities in sub-Saharan Africa are beginning to consider the benefits of urban green infrastructure for improving resilience wellbeing residents living informal settlements. However, present governance systems often ill-equipped deliver scale planning ne...

Kabul, the capital and largest city in Afghanistan has been experiencing a massive population expansion and fast economic development in last decade, in which urban land has increasingly expanded and formed a high informal development territory in the city. This paper investigates the urban land development direction based on the integrated urbanization trends in Kabul city since the last and t...

BACKGROUND Urban informal settlements remain sites of high HIV incidence and prevalence, as well as violence. Increasing attention is paid on how configurations of young men's masculinities shape these practices through exploring how men build respect and identity. In this paper, we explore how young Black South Africans in two urban informal settlements construct respect and a masculine identi...