Ethanolic extracts of 20 medicinal plants were screened for influenza virus NA inhibition and in vitro antiviral activities using MDCK cells in an MTT assay. The vaccine proteins of influenza virus A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1), mouse-adapted influenza virus A/Guizhou/54/89 (A/G)(H3N2) and mouse-adapted influenza virus B/Ibaraki/2/85 (B/I) were used in the NA inhibition assay, and mouse-adapted ...

The roles of the 3'- and 5'-terminal nucleotides and the panhandle structure of influenza B virus virion RNA were analyzed in vitro by transcription of model RNA templates with influenza B virus RNA polymerase. The results suggest that the stability of the panhandle and breathing of the extreme ends of the panhandle are important factors for efficient transcription. Influenza B virus polymerase...

orthomixoviridae family viruses (influenza viruses) are major cause of death in human with respiratory diseases. although avian influenza in iranian chickens are associated with h9n2 subtype, there was not any study for h9n2 human infection as yet. this investigation conducted to serological study of h9n2 avian influenza infection in different human groups. the number of 334 blood sera includin...

In South Korea, where avian influenza virus subtypes H3N2, H5N1, H6N1, and H9N2 circulate or have been detected, 3 genetically similar canine influenza virus (H3N2) strains of avian origin (A/canine/Korea/01/2007, A/canine/Korea/02/2007, and A/canine/Korea/03/2007) were isolated from dogs exhibiting severe respiratory disease. To determine whether the novel canine influenza virus of avian origi...

Host-derived "danger-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs) contribute to innate immune responses and serve as markers of disease progression and severity for inflammatory and infectious diseases. There is accumulating evidence that generation of DAMPs such as oxidized phospholipids and high-mobility-group box 1 (HMGB1) during influenza virus infection leads to acute lung injury (ALI). Treatmen...

BACKGROUND A newly proposed genus of influenza virus (influenza D) is associated with respiratory disease in pigs and cattle. The novel virus is most closely related to human influenza C virus and can infect ferrets but infection has not been reported in humans. OBJECTIVES To ascertain if influenza D virus can be detected retrospectively in patient respiratory samples. STUDY DESIGN 3300 hum...

Background and Aims: Influenza vaccine production process is time-consuming with little-to-no cross-protection which requires annual adjustment. The construction of a universal vaccine to deal with the pandemics and epidemics which occasionally threat human population is the aim of many researches worldwide. Today, influenza vaccines are mostly against two major antigenic proteins, hemagglutini...

Introduction: In recent years, influenza viruses have caused moderate to severe infections all around the world while so far there is no influenza vaccine that can protect people with only one dose of injection. In this regard, producing a universal vaccine based on virus-like-particles (VLP) could be an ideal approach.  Methods: In this study, the full-length ORF of influenza hemagglutini...