introduction: influenza a virus causes unpredictable epidemics and pandemics by creating antigenic variations. with the appearance of each new strain, rapid emergency countermeasures are taken against this new strain. hence, designing an applicable and cross protective strategy to counter this virus is of great importance. to achieve this, choosing conserved antigenic regions in influenza virus...

Virus-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) recognize viral antigen in conjunction with products of genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (1); however, the nature of the viral antigen(s) recognized by specific CTL is not clear, identification of viral determinant(s) recognized by CTL is an important issue; however, it has been difficult to demonstrate CTL recognition of target cells ex...

Background & Aims: Influenza viruses are important causes of mortality and morbidity in children. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of antibodies (IgG) against Influenza A in children in Kerman, Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 200 children aged 4-14 years referred to Besaat Clinic and Afzalipour hospital for diseases other than influenza were enrolled. Sera were tested...

Following binding to cell surface sialic acid, entry of influenza viruses into cells is mediated by endocytosis. Productive entry of influenza virus requires the low-pH environment of the late endosome for fusion and release of the virus into the cytoplasm and transport of the virus genome into the nucleus. We investigated novel mechanisms to inhibit influenza virus infection using highly speci...

Previous studies have shown antiviral effect of Echinacea and elderberry preparations against human influenza viruses in vitro. To investigate the in vivo antiviral effect of these herbs on avian H9N2 influenza virus, amantadine and two standardized commercial extracts of Echinacea purpurea (EF) and Sambucus nigra (SAM) were used in broiler chickens infected with H9N2 strain of the virus. EF, S...

A study of the component in serum and tissue extracts responsible for non-specific inhibition of hemagglutination with mumps virus and the PR8 and Lee strains of influenza virus has yielded the following results: 1. The inhibitory factor was found in high titer in human serum and in saline extracts of various organs procured at autopsy (lung, liver,kidney, spleen). The inhibition titers of extr...

In the present investigation we studied the fusogenic process developed by influenza A, B and C viruses on cell surfaces and different factors associated with virus and cell membrane structures. The biological activity of purified virus strains was evaluated in hemagglutination, sialidase and fusion assays. Hemolysis by influenza A, B and C viruses ranging from 77.4 to 97.2%, from 20.0 to 65.0%...

The myxoviruses which infect man can be divided into two major subgroups (Table 1): the influenza subgroup which includes influenza virus types A, B, and C and the noninfluenza subgroup which includes parainfluenza types 1 (HA-2), 2 (CA), 3 (HA-1), and 4, mumps, measles, and respiratory syncytial viruses. Related but distinct antigenic variants or subtypes have been detected among types of both...