Although migratory waterfowl is well known to be a major reservoir for avian influenza virus (AIV), there are only few recently published reports about the seroprevalence of AIV in this group of birds. To investigate the AIV antibody status in migratory waterfowl of Iran, we collected 217 serum samples from 25 different species of waterfowl during 2003 and 2004. These serum samples were teste...

BACKGROUND: Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza and its complications. The MF59-adjuvanted quadrivalent (aQIV) high-dose (QIV-HD) vaccines have been specifically developed protect subjects aged ≥65 years. aim of this study was evaluate economic consequences associated with use aQIV in elderly population Italy.METHODS: An Excel-based budget impact model estimate costs for ...

Rapid and accurate diagnosis of influenza is important for infection control, as well as for patient management. Alere i Influenza A&B is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification-based integrated system for detection and differentiation of influenza virus A and influenza virus B. The performance of the Alere i Influenza A&B was screened using frozen nasopharyngeal-swab specimens collected in vi...

influenza a viruses possesses two virion surface glycoproteins including haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). the na plays an important role in viral replication and promotes virus release from infected cells and facilitates virus spread throughout the body. to find out any genomic changes that might be occurred on na gene of avian influenza circulating viruses, we have genetically analy...

knowledge of virus and replication kinetic is one of the most important issues in the vaccine production. the present study aimed to evaluate the best harvesting time of h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccine strain inoculated in specific pathogen free (spf) embryonated chicken eggs (ece)s. for this purpose, 10-5 dilution of aiv (a/chicken/iran/99/h9n2) was inoculated into 336, 11-day old ece...

conclusions: the recombinant baculovirus constructed in this work has proper characteristics to produce h5n1 influenza virus-like particles in sf9 cells. results: restriction map of pfastbacihnm1 plasmid confirmed the fidelity of the clone. the pcr carried out on the recombinant bacmids as template indicated that a proper homologous recombination has occurred between pfastbacihnm1 donor plasmid...

Eluding detection Influenza viruses evade immunity initiated by previous infection, which explains recurrent influenza pandemics. Unlike the error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and related contain polymerases with proofreading activity. However, cannot correct deletions, during a long-term persistent infection could...

BACKGROUND Describing the circulation of influenza viruses and the characteristics of seasonal epidemics remains an essential tool to optimize the strategies of influenza prevention and control. Special attention has been recently paid to influenza B in the context of the availability of a quadrivalent vaccine, containing two influenza B strains. METHODS We used data from a practitioners-base...

Influenza (the flu) is an acute infectious disease caused by viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family, causing a wide variety symptoms in humans, ranging from mildly disturbing daily activities to life-threatening pneumonia, depending on state their immune system. The annual increase incidence this called "the flu season", which periodic epidemic that affects people all around world. Despite indi...

background: primary health care workers (phcw) are the front-liners in any infectious disease outbreaks. the recent outbreak of h1n1 influenza demonstrated that uptake of h1n1 vaccination remained low amongst pchw despite its proven effectiveness. this trend is worrying as phcw are the first point of contact in any emerging outbreak of future influenza epidemic. purpose: to investigate factors ...