Abstract Bruce Smith (1851–1937) was the most prominent Australian exponent of classical or ‘old’ liberalism in late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Although his political career not particularly successful, he notable as foremost defender individualism authentic liberal creed, exemplified by 1887 work Liberty . He consistently attacked new liberalism, with its acceptance extensive stat...

Culturally held beliefs about the self and its relations with others affect way individuals view their work. In this study, we examined associations between individualism-collectivism three work orientations (i.e., viewing as a job, career, or calling). We also investigated whether positive effects of calling orientation can be generalized to developing eastern country, Mongolia. Using sample 3...

Ecologies shape cultures; cultures influence the development of personalities. There are both universal and culture-specific aspects of variation in personality. Some culture-specific aspects correspond to cultural syndromes such as complexity, tightness, individualism, and collectivism. A large body of literature suggests that the Big Five personality factors emerge in various cultures. Howeve...

Researchers criticize the transaction cost economics (TCE) paradigm for over-generalizing the assumption of opportunism as human nature. We suggest that opportunistic propensity is affected by cultural prior conditioning of individualism–collectivism (I–C). Specifically, we propose that individualists have a higher opportunistic propensity in intra-group transactions, and collectivists in inter...