frequency of vocabulary used in a piece of writing, prose or poetry, is one of the stylistic features of the writer. words are like bricks which constitute the structure of a literary work, and the way the writer puts or organizes the words , reflects his/her literary characteristics which in turn distinguishes him/her from other writers. being simply one of the elements constituting the writer...

The consideration of rater training is very important in construct validation of a writing test because it is through training that raters are adapted to the use of students’ writing ability instead of their own criteria for assessing compositions (Charney, 1984). However, although training has been discussed in the literature of writing assessment, there is little research regarding raters’ pe...

abstractthe present study explores the impact of corpus-based collocation instruction on intermediate iranian efl learners' writing ability. for this study, 84 iranian learners, studying english as a foreign language in bayan institute, iran, were selected and were randomly divided into two groups, experimental and control. conventional methods of writing instruction were taught to the control ...

abstract in iran, most english teachers’ method of teaching writing is merely to have students do some writing exercises or simply to give them writing tests without any instruction, but writing is not an easy task for students, and teachers should be able to do more to facilitate their students’ writing. one of the ways to aid writing is dynamic assessment via graduated prompt. the graduated p...

Description Functions for reading, writing, plotting, and manipulating phylogenetic trees, analyses of comparative data in a phylogenetic framework, ancestral character analyses, analyses of diversification and macroevolution, computing distances from DNA sequences, reading and writing nucleotide sequences as well as importing from BioConductor, and several tools such as Mantel's test, generali...