BACKGROUND The losses in productivity due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) are substantial but rarely considered in health economic analyses. We compared the cost-effectiveness of lipid level modification in the primary prevention of CVD with and without these indirect costs. METHODS We used the Cardiovascular Life Expectancy Model to estimate the long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness of l...

BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a severe psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions and behavior. Even if it is not a very frequent disorder, but it is the most burdensome and costly illnesses worldwide. The total population was approximate 1.3 billion and there are approximate 8 million schizophrenic patients in China. Despite the wide-ranging fi...

considering the increase in waste production, scarcity of land allocated to landfill in urban areas, concerns about ecological damages caused by hazardous waste and damages done to the environment, municipal waste management has become of tremendous importance. the study investigated the behavioral patterns of households regarding waste separation at source using data collected through intervie...

introduction: road traffic crashes (rtcs) are very common across the world and in iran. the aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of road traffic accidents in tehran province, iran in 2009. methods: t his was a descriptive, cross-sectional retrospective study. the study population included all deceased and injuries due to rtcs in tehran in 2009. the economic burden of rtc was es...

BACKGROUND The cost of treating maternal complications has serious economic consequences to households and can hinder the utilization of maternal health care services at the health facilities. This study estimated the cost of maternal complications to women and their households in the Kassena-Nankana district of northern Ghana. METHODS We carried out a cross-sectional study between February a...

PURPOSE To find out the average economic burden of medical care on a patient with diabetes in Pune, India. METHODS A semi-open ended questionnaire followed by interview was conducted with patients attending diabetes and ophthalmic out-patient departments. They were asked regarding the duration of diabetes, methods undertaken for blood sugar control and the amount they spend on consultations, ...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this article is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of school closure during a potential influenza pandemic and to examine the trade-off between costs and health benefits for school closure involving different target groups and different closure durations. METHODS We developed two models: a dynamic disease model capturing the spread of influenza and an economic model ...

Smooth implementation and controlling conflicting goals of a project with the usage of all related resources through organization is inherently a complex task to management. At the same time deterministic models are never efficient in practical project management (PM) decision problems because the related parameters are frequently fuzzy in nature. The project execution time is a major concern o...

background: dyspepsia and gastro-oesophageal reflux diseases (gerd) are very widespread in the community throughout the world. the aim of this study was to determine the direct and indirect cost of gerd and dyspepsia in the general population. methods: from may 2005 to december 2006, a cross-sectional study conducted in tehran province; including 18,180 individuals with gi symptoms drawn up ran...

The costs of atrial fibrillation (AF) are linked to the general cost of managing AF patients in different health-care systems, as well as the cost of managing AF-related complications (e.g. hospitalizations and long-term complications, such as stroke). In addition, indirect medical costs, such as care for patients who do not recuperate fully from a vascular event, and non-medical costs such as ...