The stability and strength of viral nanoparticles are crucial to fulfill the functions required through the viral cycle as well as using capsids for biomedical and nanotechnological applications. The mechanical properties of viral shells obtained through Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and continuum elasticity theory, such as stiffness or Young's modulus, have been interpreted very often in terms...

Chloride-based salt hydrates form a promising class of thermochemical materials (TCMs), having high storage capacity and fast kinetics. In the charging cycles of these hydrates however hydrolysis might appear along with dehydration. The HCl produced during the hydrolysis degrades and corrodes the storage system. Our GGA-DFT results show that the enthalpy charge during proton formation (an impor...

Finding a proper local measure of chemical hardness has been a long-standing aim of density functional theory. The traditional approach to defining a local hardness index, by the derivative of the chemical potential l with respect to the electron density nðr *Þ subject to the constraint of a fixed external potential vðr *Þ, has raised several questions, and its chemical applicability has proved...

background : twin pregnancies are commonly associated with low birth weight (lbw) infants. most studies focus on growth of lbw compared with normal infants in singleton. however, there has not been any study on twins to com-pare lbw with normal birth weight (nbw) infants as a match control of the same twin. methods : this cohort study was conducted at healthcare centers of kashan, in 2013. twin...

Protocols for evaluating chemical toxicity at the cellular level using fish cell lines are described in this unit. Routine methodologies for growing salmonid cell lines, and using them in aquatic toxicology studies that support the mandate of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to reduce the use of whole animals in toxicity testing, are presented. Rapid, simple, co...

Tissue optical clearing technique provides a prospective solution for the application of advanced optical methods in life sciences. This paper gives a review of recent developments in tissue optical clearing techniques. The physical, molecular and physiological mechanisms of tissue optical clearing are overviewed and discussed. Various methods for enhancing penetration of optical-clearing agent...

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a synthetical indicator which represents the degree of organic pollution in water. The near-infrared (NIR) transmission and the UV absorbance method based on photoelectric detection technology and spectroscopy analysis have some advantages such as high precision, speed, non-contact, no secondary pollution etc compared to conventional wet chemical method. The NIR ...